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Daniel Dunaief

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Bruce Stillman, CEO of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Photo courtesy of CSHL

By Daniel Dunaief

The Oscars could learn a thing or two from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. The facility, which conducts research in cancer, neuroscience, genomics, quantitative biology and plant biology, hosted its 19th annual Double Helix Award Dinner on Nov. 14.

Front row from left, 2024 Double Helix Medals honorees Dr. Katalin Karikó, Daniel and Alisa Doctoroff.
Back row, from left, CSHL Chair Marilyn Simons, President & CEO Bruce Stillman, and Grace Stillman. Photo courtesy of Patrick McMullan Company

Held at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City and emceed by CBS journalist Lesley Stahl, the dinner, so named for the twisting ladder structure of the genetic material DNA, raised $7 million while honoring Nobel Prize winner Katalin Karikó, and Daniel and Alisa Doctoroff, a husband and wife team who are leaders of Target ALS.

Bruce Stillman, CEO of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, recently discussed the awards dinner, an innovative and potentially revolutionary study on aging, science funding, and a host of other topics in an exclusive interview.

The honorees at this year’s dinner were “really fantastic,” Stillman said.

Originally from Hungary, Karikó thrived in work that helped lead to BioNTech and Pfizer’s work using messenger RNA to create a vaccine for COVID-19 despite setbacks including four demotions while a scientist at the University of Pennsylvania.

Her experience shows how “a scientist can do Nobel prize winning research despite adversity,” Stillman said. She had an “idea she wanted to stick with.”

Through Target ALS, the Doctoroffs have helped generate progress in research on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig’s disease.

Daniel Doctoroff, who has ALS, had been Deputy Mayor for Economic Development and Rebuilding and CEO and president of Bloomberg LP.

The dinner has raised over $67 million since its inception and has honored scientists and public figures, including the late boxer and inaugural winner Muhammad Ali, baseball Hall of Fame right fielder Reggie Jackson and Nobel Prize winner and co-discoverer of gene editing tool CRISPR Jennifer Doudna.

As a part of the celebration, the lab produces videos of the honorees, who have made significant contributions to philanthropy or to research or who have been advocates for health.

A week after the dinner, Stillman had written a letter to potential honorees for next year.

“It’s a lot of work to do this properly,” said Stillman. “We have a time limit on the evening. We want everyone out by 9:30 p.m. We timed this whole thing down to the minute and it worked out very well.”

An important aging discovery

While the lab produced a large volume of research studies that could have implications in a range of fields during the year, Stillman highlighted the work of Corina Amor Vegas as being “probably the most impactful down the road.”

Corina Amor Vegas. Photo ourtesy of CSHL

Amor Vegas used a technology developed to treat cancer to address the effects of aging.

She produced chimeric antigen receptors on the surface of the immune system’s T cells to attack senescent cells, which have aged and are not functional but could otherwise cause aging related problems such as diseases.

In a mouse model, Amor Vegas found that treating these aging mice with modified forms of their own T cells, through car-T immunotherapy, improved metabolic dysfunction and exercise capacity. Indeed, even a single treatment was enough to provide long term benefits for these mice.

The work attracted considerable venture capital interest and the lab is in discussions about how to pursue a business approach that taps into the potential use of this discovery.

As for businesses, the lab has a number of companies that are “under the radar screen” but that will have an impact in their fields.

Professor Partha Mitra started a company called Clarapath that will make “a major splash” with its automatic slides for pathology, Stillman said. A machine can do the work automatically that is otherwise labor intensive.

Down the road, scientists could apply artificial intelligence to analyze the samples. The laboratory has several faculty that are doing machine learning or AI in their research in areas such as neuroscience or genetics.

Through a neuro-AI scholars program, CSHL brings in people who have had a high level of training in computer science related to machine learning. The scholars come to CSHL for one or two years, where they work in a neuroscience lab.

Meetings

Stillman was pleased with the meetings on site this year, including one on epigenetics and CRISPR.

At the end of May in 2025, CSHL plans to have a symposium called Senescence and Aging.

The lab has invited scientists to speak from Germany, Israel, Japan and the United Kingdom as well as from Harvard, Brown and Yale. Locally, Amor Vegas, Assistant Professor Semir Beyaz and Professor Lloyd Trotman have also received invitations to share their work.

Stillman anticipates the publication of compelling findings from CSHL next year, including in autism.

At the same time, the lab is building a new Neuroscience Research Complex that should be finished in 2026. The 36,347 square-foot facility will include three modern buildings that focus on neurodegenerative diseases, brain-body physiology and quantitative biology and NeuroAI.

The construction has been going “very well,” Stillman said.

Science and politics

Amid talk of a rationalization of the research budget next year when the former and future president Donald Trump takes office, Stillman cautioned against a heightened focus on translational studies.

“If we knew what basic science would be translational, we would be doing it,” Stillman said. “If you go back and look at fundamental discoveries of how a disease can be cured, like Spinraza, people would have said, ‘Don’t study this or that.’”

Professor Adrian Krainer developed the drug Spinraza at CSHL, which is an effective treatment for an otherwise debilitating childhood disease called spinal muscular atrophy.

The development of CRISPR came from a study of bacteria that grow in a marine environment.

If Trump’s administrators think they can predict that every dollar will be productive, “they are nuts,” Stillman said. “We should have a discussion before they start pronouncing what should be done.”

Converting the National Institutes of Health into a directed translational research institute will push down American competitiveness.

China is planning to spend large sums of money in basic research. If the United States cuts back in these areas, this is a “recipe for the country to become a second class citizen to those that are “investing in basic science.”

The Human Genome Project cost $3 billion over 25 years. The returns exceed $1 trillion, Stillman said.

“That’s an enormous payoff,” he added. 

Despite concerns and a watchful eye on research funding, Stillman shared a positive outlook.

“I’m not pessimistic about the future,” he said. “The United States economy is very strong.”

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President-elect Donald Trump standing with Ed McMullen Jr. Photo courtesy of former ambassador McMullen’s personal collection

By Daniel Dunaief

Former Ambassador Ed McMullen Jr. was flying to Italy to visit his vineyard when he received a text from Peter Capobianco, his best friend growing up.

Capobianco, whose family owned Cappy’s Carpets, was congratulating McMullen on the work he did to help get President Donald Trump reelected when the former ambassador was flying over Long Island.

“It’s amazing to see how friendships from home continue,” said McMullen, who is a 1982 graduate of Earl L. Vandermeulen High School and served as Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein during the first Trump administration, from 2017 to 2021.

In a wide-ranging exclusive interview, McMullen spoke from President-elect Donald Trump’s Mar-a-Lago resort in Palm Beach, Florida about his upbringing, his experience as ambassador and his expectations for the second Trump administration.

When he returns from his current residence on Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina to the Port Jefferson area, where his family has roots that extend for four generations and over 100 years, he enjoys sailing in the Port Jefferson Harbor and Long Island Sound. During the summers, he also travels out to the Hamptons.

McMullen, whose parents Christine and Ed, were high school sweethearts in Port Jefferson, is an appreciative graduate of the public school system.

He suggested some of his teachers, including history teacher Richard Olsen, had “huge impacts on me throughout my life.”

He reflects fondly on his upbringing, surrounded by friends and family, including 14 cousins, and supportive teachers and professors.

His grandfather Irwin McMullen had a store on East Main Street called McMullen Market, where he “knew everyone in town,” McMullen said.

His education on Long Island and beyond at Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia prepared him well for a life that would include representing the country as ambassador and serving currently as a senior policy advisor at Adams and Reese LLP in South Carolina.

His language classes in high school didn’t enable him to connect with Europeans.

From seventh grade through his senior year, he studied Latin. That provided a “great foundation,” helped him with his SATs and enabled him to speak English properly.

In Switzerland, however, they speak four languages. He found German and Romansh the hardest, while French and Italian, which he now speaks, were easier.

Swiss roots

McMullen had several connections to Switzerland before serving as ambassador. He skied in the country and traveled there with his grandparents.

After college, he attended a 10-day American Swiss Foundation Young Leaders Conference. Faith Whittlesey, who was former president Ronald Reagan’s Ambassador to Switzerland and was on the board of The Heritage Foundation where McMullen worked, brought him into the program.

“Getting exposure to a program like that, where you’re spending time in the country, not just skiing it as a tourist, being there and experiencing it is a way to learn” about the beauty of the country and its “amazing” people, McMullen said.

McMullen recalled that he traveled with Ueli Maurer, the president of the Swiss Confederation for a bilateral meeting with President Trump, where the two leaders discussed a “serious trade deal,” McMullen said.

“That was an experience with the Swiss,” said McMullen. “When they want something, they are very clear about what they want.”

Switzerland, which has compulsory military service for all men after the age of 18, has the second-highest percentage of firearm ownership in Europe. The country doesn’t have the violent episodes that have caused tragedies in communities throughout the United States.

“The Swiss start educating their children about the benefits [of guns] and why they’re used and the problems that can be created if they’re not used properly,” McMullen said.

Hunters have shown an interest in these educational efforts, the former ambassador said.

Next steps

McMullen, who was a vice chair of the inauguration committee in 2017 and is playing the same role in January, is prepared to work in the administration.

“If there’s a place for me to serve, I will be happy to have that conversation,” he said. “I don’t lobby. I don’t pursue things that everyone is out there trying to play the Game of Thrones for.”

McMullen is helping the former and future president not only with the inauguration but also with filling State Department jobs.

In searching for members of the Cabinet and to work with the administration, Trump is trying to guard against the kind of people from his first administration who “thought they were put in those posts to do their agenda, write books to make millions of dollars and to talk about things that mostly were not true,” McMullen said. “Those are the people who are about themselves and not the good of the public and the good of the country.”

Most people take these jobs with the best interests of the country in mind, although some pursue their own self interests. McMullen suggested that was true of former National Security Advisor John Bolton, who is an outspoken critic of his former boss.

The process of finding people to work with the current administration is different, as Trump is conducting meetings with people on his own turf.

McMullen said that abortion, which was a focus of the campaign from Democrat Kamala Harris, did not determine the outcome of the election.

“The President has nothing to do with abortions,” he said. “It’s the role of the states and state courts and legislatures.”

People can choose where they want to live based on their priorities and agendas.

“If you’re in a state that’s pro choice or is limiting abortion, where do you want to live?” McMullen said. “In all likelihood, if you’re in one of those states that’s limiting abortion, if you’re a big advocate for pro choice, you’re not going to agree with much of what’s being done in those states.”

Climate crisis

McMullen suggested that Trump’s view is that innovation and research and development will solve the climate crisis.

Throwing money at government programs for electric vehicles and that pollute groundwater through discarded parts such as batteries won’t solve the problem, he said.

“The president’s goal is to inspire innovation,” McMullen said.

As for energy, that could involve forms that are clean and efficient, including fossil fuels with scrubbers and nuclear energy, the former ambassador said.

The solar energy arena provides an example of where innovation and research is needed.

In the world of nationally funded research, the country is likely to see an effort to cut what administrators consider fat and waste.

“Where there is legitimate research and development in academia or institutes for health or areas where there is something that is completely legitimate, yes” funding will continue, McMullen said. “Studying the lifecycle of hermaphroditic worms in Borneo is not the kind of things we should be wasting billions of dollars on.”

In the crisis facing the country, those areas of research t aren’t important, he added.

Funds need to go towards pressing issues facing society.

McMullen snapshot:

Mantra Trump has shared: Fight, fight, fight. That’s not something he came up with standing on the stage after the attempted assassination. Every time you enter a dilemma or problem or question that can’t be answered, fight, fight, fight is the way he approaches a problem, the former ambassador said.

Toughest class in high school: chemistry, without a doubt. I hated it

Favorite food in Switzerland: The best chocolates in the world are Läderach chocolates [which have expanded all over the country]. 

Weight gained in Switzerland: 60 pounds in four years. Trump told McMullen he sent an ambassador to Switzerland, who was a great ambassador, but he discovered chocolate.

Proudest achievement: President Trump’s attention to getting American prisoners home from Iran.

Wish he had done more of when he was in Switzerland: relaxing.

Pitch that encouraged companies to move jobs to the United States: The average salary for a Swiss company is $130,000. Trump wanted to get more such jobs in the country. 

Trump promised to create the tax and regulatory environment, which helped vault Switzerland from the 8th largest foreign investor in the country to the 6th during Trump’s first term.

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METRO photo

By Daniel Dunaief

Daniel Dunaief

My initials suited me well before I was old enough to care.

You see, I don’t drink, so the idea of a DD, or designated driver, works for me.

Over the years, not drinking alcohol has triggered an even wider range of responses from adults than discussing my food allergies, which, in themselves, typically start unusual conversations. It seems odd to discuss painful digestive responses to consuming food with people who are about to eat.

Anyway, alcohol is supposed to be some kind of rite of passage, a bonding experience, a chance to celebrate and let loose, and something of a national past time.

I don’t mind when other people drink, but I’ve never been all that tempted to throw down a few beers or to end a tough day with a stiff drink.

When I don’t order a drink, I get a range of questions. “Are you in recovery?” “Are you taking medicine?” “Are you very religious?” “Are you sure you’re human?”

Alcohol is as much of a ritual in the country when adults celebrate as sugary treats are when our children attend another birthday party.

Athletes douse each other with champagne, beer, and other beverages when their teams win rounds of a playoff or championships. People toast each other and the start of a new year with adult beverages.

It’d be funny to see a baseball team retreat to the clubhouse after dog piling at the pitcher’s mound and eat a tray of cookies and milk (which I also can’t drink and, no, I don’t feel like describing what happens if I do). Can you imagine them sitting back with a tray of their favorite vegetables, a towel around their necks and a satisfied smile on their faces?

When I was younger, I held cups of alcohol and laughed with a group that became progressively louder. I would search for water or root beer, which was and still is my favorite soda.

I was tempted to order a scotch and soda, but hold the scotch or, perhaps, a rum and coke without the rum.

The early teens were my drinking sweet spot, literally. I could go through three or four Shirley Temples without seeming to develop too much of a sugar high. No doubt the milk and cookies, the ice cream and the chocolate sprinkles helped me build up a sugar tolerance.

I received my first bottle of wine from a friend in college, who was sharing it with me out of genuine appreciation and was, undoubtedly, following in his parents’ footsteps in offering me an adult gift.

Over the years, I have accumulated a collection of wines that have likely increased in value. At the end of coaching a long, hot baseball, softball or basketball season, grateful parents acknowledged the hours I put into running practices or preparing lineups for games for the team with a bottle of wine.

I did try drinking more than a few sips of alcohol a few times. Once, my wife took me out for my birthday, where I had about a cup of wine. I wasn’t drunk, but I was surprisingly tired and was much more ready for bed than for celebrating.

When my children reached their early teens, we ordered three Shirley Temples for the table.

Recently, I attended a bring your own booze holiday party. We brought some alcoholic drinks and a pecan pie.

We considered purchasing a large bottle of water for me, but figured there’d be a pitcher of water somewhere.

Walking from room to room, I didn’t find water and didn’t want to make anyone uncomfortable searching for it or trying to accommodate my request. When I returned home, I was happy to fill my reusable water bottle.

Professionally, not drinking alcohol is not quite as limiting as not playing golf. Back in the days when I covered investment banking, foregoing golf outings meant making fewer connections and gathering less information.

In those days, I was never invited to a batting cage to practice hitting baseballs, which I would have readily accepted.

These days, when neighbors offer to share a few cocktails on their porches, I smile and nod, without making any declarations. It’s harder to argue that I’m not drinking because I’m the designated driver when they live a few hundred feet away. Maybe I’ll bring my own water and will tell them my DD religion doesn’t allow alcohol.

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A 3D constructed building in Ukraine. Photo courtesy of Utu (Ukraine)

By Daniel Dunaief

Instead of discarding concrete from damaged or destroyed buildings during Russia’s attack on Ukraine, Alexander Orlov, Professor in Materials Science & Chemical Engineering at Stony Brook University wants to try to figure out ways to recycle these materials to create new and desperately needed shelters.

Alexander Orlov. Photo courtesy of SBU

Leading a team of researchers in the United States, Poland and Ukraine, Orlov received about $700,000 worth of funding from the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, and the Polish National Science Centre to develop ways to create these potentially life-saving structures by using three-dimensional printers.

Far larger than the desktop printers, these three-dimensional printers build one layer of a building at a time, reducing the time and labor needed in construction. 

The idea behind the project is to “turn the tragedy of these damaged buildings into new structures,” said Orlov.

In some cases, these buildings could be cheaper and faster than conventional construction methods.

“This research will address challenges in building resilient and sustainable infrastructure by using novel, inexpensive and energy efficient solutions,” Marija Krstic, assistant professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at Stony Brooks said in a statement.

The family of Ukrainian soldier Yaroslav Berezov, who died during the beginning of the Russian invasion, received the first 3D printed house earlier this year, according to the Odessa Journal.

The walls of the house were printed in 58 machine hours, as the printer laid down the inside and outside of the house at the same time.

The idea of doing 3D printing is becoming more popular in Ukraine. The leader in this type of printing is a company called COBOD, which used the technique to rebuild a school in the city of Lviv. The school, which has weatherproof construction and is expected to last for more than 20 years, has four classrooms with a capacity for 100 students.

One layer at a time

Orlov explained that the 3D printing process acts like an ice cream machine, as it lays down one layer of a building at a time with material squeezed through a cone.

In the design of these structures, the machine pauses for some length of time — five or 10 minutes in some cases — to ensure that the layer is strong enough to support additional weight. The structure also requires some time to settle, which could be about two weeks, before adding heavier objects, such as a roof.

Assistant professor Marija Krstic in the Department of Civil Engineering along with a graduate student. Photo from SBU

The machines use waste and add it to a cement mix to form concrete.

In this project, the research is focused on a proof of concept that Ukrainian construction companies might use to build additional homes or shelters.

The National Science Foundation is providing $300,000 in funding for Orlov’s portion of the work.

Stony Brook University is building a 3D printer and is adding parts to it to make it more efficient and reliable. Poland is also purchasing a printer while Ukraine already has one.

The Office of Naval Research is providing funding directly to Ukraine and the Polish National Science Centre is supporting efforts in that country.

“The Navy supports disaster relief and typically offers assistance in any part of the world” after catastrophes including hurricanes and earthquakes, Orlov said.

It takes about two to three days to build a building the size of a house. The process still requires manual labor to add the roof because it has different materials.

The timing of the research is particularly important because of the escalating scale of Russian attacks and amid the approach of winter. People in the capital of Kyiv endure seven hours of bombing each night. The civilian experience is similar to what people in London experienced during World War II, when they hid in shelters and had to be quiet amid the shattering of buildings.

Ukraine has lost about 50 percent of its energy infrastructure, a number that is likely to climb even as colder weather descends on the country. The estimated cost to repair that energy infrastructure is about $60 billion and is likely to climb as the war continues, Orlov added.

Without energy and heat, “this could be the worst winter in the history of the country,” Orlov said.

In developing ways to build these structures, Orlov hopes to create buildings that are mechanically the same or better than traditional homes and with thermal properties that are increasingly important amid temperature extremes.

The biggest challenge for scientists and engineers is that these buildings may not be reproducible, depending on the different available materials. The researchers need to figure out if they can have high-quality printing from different sources.

Personal experience

For Orlov, the horrors of war and the threat of injury and death are all too real. He extracted his mother Tetiana and his father Mykhailo, out of Kyiv, where their apartment windows were blown out after a Russian rocket leveled a nearby five-story building.

Orlov’s parents are struggling even on Long Island, where the sound from nearby fire station causes them to try to run and hide each time they hear the alarm. Motorcycle noises, which have the same vibrating hum as Iranian drones, also terrify them.

Project origins

The research Orlov is doing started when he was working with a Polish researcher. Orlov saw the funding opportunity and reached out to professors in Kyiv to ask how he could help. The researchers worked together to write the proposal.

Orlov, who works in the Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research and has secondary appointments in the Chemistry Department, the Institute for Advanced Computational Science, the Advanced Energy Center, and the Department of Technology and Society, is spending considerably more time than he expected on this project. That, he said, comes in part from the need to cross cultural barriers in working with people from different countries.

Any construction of 3D printed shelters would face the challenge of finding energy to power these machines. Some of that power could come from mobile generators, while the printers could also use intermittent power.

“There are unique challenges that have to be tested during the war,” Orlov explained.

At each of the research sites, students have the opportunity to contribute to the project. Stony Brook has two faculty members and several graduate students who are involved at this point.

Orlov is hoping to provide Ukrainian companies with recipes that might lead to the construction of these shelters.

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Pixabay photo

By Daniel Dunaief

Daniel Dunaief

The federal government? Yeah, of course. Heavy eye roll, shake of the head, shrug of the shoulders, palms to the sky and deep sigh. Oh, I almost forgot: quick puff of air directed upwards that lifts any hair hanging near a forehead.

No doubt the powerful tandem of Tesla creator Elon Musk and primary disruptor and climate change minimizer Vivek Ramaswamy will find plenty of ways to increase the efficiency and cut the budget from the federal government. I’m sure they will to trim redundant functions, shrink bureaucracy and cut costs, turning the behemoth into a well-oiled machine, filled with productive, engaged and excited workers and a smooth outward-facing electronic interface that enables quick and effective engagement between the people and their government.

But, hey, after the two weeks it takes to fix everything — okay, maybe it’ll take a bit longer — the tandem may be looking for other outlets for their efficiency efforts. I have a few suggestions.

Now, for the list:

— The DMV. I have interacted with some amazingly efficient and even accommodating workers at the DMV. Still, any time I go there, I recognize that I might spend several hours or more only to have to return again.

— Doctor’s offices. Regardless of whether the Affordable Care Act changes, is revised or becomes something new, doctor’s offices are also not brimming with efficiency, particularly regarding time. These visits are not predictable exchanges, in which doctors know exactly how long each diagnosis will take. Still, waiting for a doctor can take the good part of a morning or afternoon.

— Airlines: It’s hard to come up with just one area that could use help here. Just try getting an actual person on the phone. But it seems especially aggravating when the airport doesn’t have available gates when we land. We have sat on tarmacs for close to an hour while pilots apologize to those people with connecting flights. How could the plane’s arrival be that much of a surprise? Didn’t the airline share the list of flights and approximate landing times? 

— Shopping. Here’s some inefficiency. We put everything in a cart, to take it out so we can pay, and then put it back in the cart. Wouldn’t it be easier if solar powered smart carts auto scanned products that we put in the cart and then wheeled directly to our cars? 

— Trimming movies. Let’s face it: some of these movies are good, but just don’t hold our attention for the entire film. After the EV treatment, they could cut these films from over two hours to under an hour and a half or even under an hour. Maybe artificial intelligence could help determine which scenes become tedious and nonessential to the plot. The Liam Neeson film “Taken,” for example, is a 93-minute film that packs quite a few punches without dragging.

— Awards shows. Pick an award show, any show. It’s typically too long. Emcees of these shows often lengthen the shows by talking about how long they are or how far behind they’ve fallen. The EV treatment could turn the Academy Awards into a tidy 90 minutes or less. We might miss a few of the oddball sketches or interviews, but speeding things up could get the guests to their after parties more quickly and could help people determine whose predictions were the most accurate.

— Breaking up. Yes, it’s hard to do, but with the EV approach, they might go beyond the “it’s-not-you-it’s-me” routine to something truly special and reassuring that also doesn’t take too much time or emotional effort. Surely they can turn the process of the on-again, off-again relationship into an opportunity for both people to move on and live their lives.

— Fall leaves. Every year, leaves fall on yards, creating work for homeowners, superintendents and landscapers. Perhaps the efficiency tandem could create a leaf attractant system that pulls the leaves into a pile. Then again, the mix of orange, yellow, red and brown on the ground offers an artistic, pleasing and unique array of colors. Maybe not everything needs greater efficiency.

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METRO photo

By Daniel Dunaief

They don’t always follow the same path with any two sufferers, but people who have migraines can and often do find themselves with symptoms including head pain, discomfort, numbness and nausea that make working, caring for family members or functioning difficult.

Dr. Sharon Nachman. Courtesy Stony Brook Medicine Facebook page

Among the first symptoms listed when COVID-19 became a pandemic in 2020, headaches can and have become more severe for people who become infected and then endure additional symptoms in the ensuing weeks and months.

People with migraines often suffer from a throbbing headache, nausea, sensitivity to light and loud noises that worsen with movement.

The other associated features can be “just as disabling as the pain,” said Dr. Noah Rosen, director of the Headache Program for Northwell Health. “Now that we see some of the symptoms cross over with long COVID symptoms, that becomes more salient.”

At this point, amid anecdotal evidence of migraines and long COVID, health care providers can’t say conclusively whether an infection with the current strain of the virus presents any more risk of developing migraines sometime after an infection than they were with earlier strains of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

“There’s no central reporting of symptoms,” said Dr. Sharon Nachman, chief of the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases at Stony Brook Children’s Hospital. “If you get a vaccine and you have an adverse event, you can report it. There’s no such thing for long COVID.”

Indeed, with people continuing to pass along the virus in schools, workplaces, crowded subways and other places where people gather in confined indoor spaces, the long COVID population has “overtaken any ability to track those symptoms,” Nachman said.

Nachman added that migraines could be a symptom of something else.

“It’s hard to say a true cause and effect” with regard to a particular symptom, as some immune systems may have such a strong response that they are creating autoimmune problems.

Migraines are also seen in patients with autoimmune diseases, Nachman said.

For some patients, doctors may want to do a full immune workup to make sure they are not having an autoimmune reaction.

As for long COVID symptoms, people “across the board” are developing various maladies after contracting the illness that caused the pandemic, Nachman said.

While it’s unclear at this point whether migraines or other specific symptoms increase amid the current strain of long COVID, doctors urged people who have underlying medical conditions to get tested when they develop symptoms.

“Fewer people are actually treating the acute phase,” said Rosen. “There was some evidence that early treatment with Paxlovid can reduce the risk of long-term COVID.”

Indeed, people in high-risk groups can lower the chance of dealing with additional symptoms, called sequelae, after an initial infection.

Treatments

While numerous treatments are approved for migraines, it is unclear which might be best for people who develop these extreme and potentially debilitating headaches in the aftermath of COVID.

“Many of the new treatments haven’t been specifically looked at for post-COVID” migraines, said Rosen.

Migraines can become enough of an interruption to daily life that people alter their behaviors in between episodes, during the so-called interictal period.

Even without the pain, migraine sufferers can avoid activities because they are afraid of a trigger.

This can affect people’s social interactions or their job choices, among other decisions.

“If people are noting that they are unable to do things that they were doing before or are avoiding certain tasks, they need to step up in treatment,” said Rosen.

In terms of treating migraines, Rosen suggested that beneficial pharmacological options, such as triptans, have been around since the 1990s.

Triptans are a group of medicines that treat migraines by changing how blood circulates in the brain and how the brain processes pain signals, according to the Cleveland Clinic.

Rosen said Imitrex and Maxalt are used to treat migraines during the mild phase.

“Early treatment can lead to shorter symptoms or less medicine being used and less disability,” Rosen said.

The average migraine lasts about four hours. A migraine that lasts more than 72 hours is described as “migrainosis,” which can be disabling and can require a combination of medications.

People can reduce the risk of migraines through some lifestyle modifications, such as ensuring sufficient hydration, not skipping meals, getting regular sleep, avoiding stress or engaging in behaviors that improve resilience to stress, and exercise, Rosen said.

Migraines affect about 12 percent of the population. Additionally, anyone with a migraine has about a 70 percent chance of having a first-degree relative — a parent, sibling or child — who also has migraines, according to Rosen.

Researchers have identified over 40 genes associated with migraines, which makes determining a specific genetic link complex, Rosen said.

With a link between migraines and hormones, women suffer from them at about a three-to-one ratio to men.

Other triggers

Migraine sufferers often try to identify triggers that can bring on these painful and disturbing episodes that can cause fatigue and discomfort even after the episodes end.

Many people are sensitive to environmental changes, like low barometric pressure from storms or excessive changes in temperature.

All of those are increasing amid climate change, which has had a significant effect on migraine sufferers, Rosen said.

Obesity, which is a health issue for the country, can also affect migraines.

“That places an additional burden on the health of people who suffer” from migraines, said Rosen.

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Olaf Kleingbeil at the Pezcoller24 Symposium in Italy in June, 2024. Photo by Claudia Tonelli

By Daniel Dunaief

The wreck-and-check method sometimes works, providing the kind of clues that lead to cures.

In the case of cancer, however, taking out one gene or one protein may not be enough, particularly when a combination contributes to cancer growth or to inactivating the body’s defenses against the disease.

Olaf Klingbeil. Photo courtesy of CSHL

Over the course of seven years, first developing a technique, then searching for possible clues about what the work might reveal, Olaf Klingbeil, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of Professor Chris Vakoc at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, discovered two proteins that work together to do cancer’s bidding.

Called Mark 1 and Mark 2, these two proteins in combination keep a tumor suppressor called Hippo from doing its job, enabling a wide range of cancers from continuing to grow.

The Hippo pathway is one of the most dysfunctional in all human cancer biology.

The journey to this discovery is as compelling as the finding itself.

Klingbeil honed a technique that took out a series of genes, hoping to find out how more than one protein might be involved in the kind of on-off switch geneticists are often seeking to slow or squelch cancer.

Indeed, disrupting either of the proteins on its own would not have been enough, as the disease would have progressed with a singular inhibitor.

“When you manipulate A or B individually” you don’t see much difference in the cancer cells, Vakoc said. “When you manipulate A plus B, you get a massive effect.”

Vakoc suggested that his lab developed a new technology to find cancer targets, enabling them to search for processes and contributors that were otherwise invisible. Klingbeil used lentiviruses to introduce CRISPR gene editing into cancer cells.

“What [Klingbeil] developed, a method where you can introduce two [changes] at the same time, can be engineered to target combinations of genes,” Vakoc said. “It took years to figure out how to do this.”

Klingbeil explored the effect of making these double knockouts through many perturbations.

“It was the largest project in my lab to this point,” said Vakoc.

A eureka moment

Klingbeil examined several potential leads that might provide clues about how to attack cancer cells. He published 1,719 single gene knockouts and 2,529 paralog double knockouts and expected to find a few jewels. 

Christopher Vakoc. Photo courtesy of CSHL

He likens the process to panning for gold at a creek, which involves getting rid of numerous stones before discovering that gold nugget, which, in this case came in the form of two kinases, which add phosphate labels to macromolecules.

When Klingbeil honed in on Mark 2 and Mark 3, he couldn’t immediately understand why inhibiting these enzymes affected some forms of cancer, but not all of them. 

The postdoctoral researcher read a study in which the researchers looked at the tumor suppressive function of Yap/Taz in leukemia and neuroendocrine cancers and realized that these were the cancer types that didn’t show a reaction to inhibiting these kinases.

This was the first hint that Marks 2 and 3 and Yap/Taz might work together, Klingbeil explained.

The affected cancers include liver, lung, colorectal, ovarian, triple negative breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer. That list also includes rhabdomyosarcoma, a rare form of pediatric cancer for which Vakoc, in particular, is eager to develop new treatments.

While numerous scientists are seeking ways to block this pathway directly, the focus on Mark 2 and Mark 3 presents a new potential opportunity.

Marks are “totally overlooked in the community” and are “not a known target,” said Vakoc. “This is the first paper that announces these as cancer targets in a compelling way.”

An existing drug

Once he discovered this link, Klingbeil searched for existing drugs that might target Marks 2 and 3. Fortunately, he found one that Merck had tried to develop for Alzheimer’s disease.

While that didn’t work as well as the pharmaceutical company had hoped, the CSHL researchers are looking to use it as a starting point for a future therapy.

“We are excited that there’s a chemical matter” that might help treat cancer, Vakoc said, adding that such a treatment will likely require “a lot of love by chemists to give them the ideal attributes” for any therapeutic approach.

The drug Merck produced inhibited Marks 1 and 4 as well as 2 and 3, which provides opportunities to tailor it for the most relevant enzymes. By increasing the specificity of the drug for two of the four proteins, researchers and pharmaceutical companies could reduce the side effects of inhibition.

To be sure, Vakoc and Klingbeil cautioned that this discovery, while encouraging, wouldn’t likely provide a magic bullet for cancer, which has a way of becoming resistant to treatments and to tapping into other unknown or unseen pathways to continue to cause harm.

Effective future treatments that involve inhibiting Marks 2 and 3 could require the use of a combination of therapies, which might outmaneuver or slow the progression of cancer.

A personal message

Earlier this year, Klingbeil learned that the journal Cancer Discovery had accepted the paper for publication in an unusual way. He was attending a dinner one night at a conference in Italy when Elizabeth McKenna, the Executive Editor of the journal, approached him.

“She told me she was about to send an email” to Vakoc that the paper was accepted, Klingbeil said. “I was very excited. I’m happy to publish it and that I could convince the most critical reviewers about the value of the work.”

After a productive and rewarding collaboration with Vakoc, Klingbeil is preparing for the next steps in his career. He is speaking with various institutions, particularly in Europe, where he can be closer to his family and his native Berlin, Germany while continuing to advance his scientific career. He plans to continue to work with Vakoc after he leaves.

“The discovery was big enough to carve out a piece for him and me,” Klingbeil said and suggested he would study Mark function in pancreatic cancer in more detail.

On the personal front, fate lent a hand when Klingbeil first arrived on Long Island.

He started his life here in the middle of the winter, without a car or a driver’s license. The lab provided temporary housing on campus. He had a choice to share an apartment with either a French or an Italian postdoctoral researcher.

He chose to live with postdoctoral researcher Claudia Tonelli, who works in the lab of Cancer Center Director David Tuveson and is now his partner. The two researchers, who started dating a few months after living together, have a daughter Lily.

As for his work, he is cautiously optimistic that this discovery may one day help with new and effective therapies.

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Thoracic surgeon Dr. Andrea Carollo in front of the ION robot. Photo courtesy Lee Weissman

By Daniel Dunaief

Early and prompt detection of any cancer can and often does lead to better patient outcomes. With that in mind, Huntington Hospital recently added a new ION Robotic-Assisted Bronchoscopy to identify and perform biopsies on lung nodules. The robotic system, which the hospital has used on 25 patients, can trim the time for a diagnosis to as little as two to four weeks from as much as 70 days.

“We felt it would be an appropriate investment for the patient population so they wouldn’t have to travel to get a diagnosis in a timely manner,” said thoracic surgeon Dr. Andrea Carollo.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer in Suffolk County, according to Dr. Nick Fitterman, Executive Director of Huntington Hospital. On top of that, two out of three lung cancers are in the outer third of the lungs, which the ION Robot specializes in sampling. Prior to the introduction of this system, patients either traveled to South Shore Hospital or would receive more extensive surgery to sample nodules.

For 90 percent of the patients, these nodules are benign. Not every nodule warrants a biopsy. Doctors use standard guidelines to monitor nodules and perform a procedure when these nodules require further investigation. With the ION Robotic-Assisted Bronchoscopy, these patients, who are under general anesthesia during the analysis, can go home the same day.

Get screened

Huntington Hospital. File photo

Doctors typically recommend further evaluation when nodules come up on a CAT scan. While many residents receive screenings for breast cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer and prostate cancer, few take the time to receive a lung screen, even among those who would benefit from initial and ongoing surveillance. About 79 percent of people eligible for a mammography get one. Of the people eligible for lung cancer screening, however, only about 6 percent receive them, Fitterman added.

“We are woefully, woefully deficient in lung cancer screening,” Fitterman said. “There’s an effective screening tool out there that is widely under utilized.”

The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends that high risk patients between 50 and 80 receive lung cancer screening. High risk patients include those who have smoked a pack of cigarettes a day for 20 years and are either current smokers or have quit smoking within the last 15 years.

“If you are a smoker, you should definitely get involved in lung cancer screening,” said Carollo.

By screening more patients, the hospital can offer immediate services, including surgery and various treatment regimes such as chemotherapy.

Options

Once a CAT scan reveals a nodule that warrants further imaging, doctors have three potential surgical options.

They can use trans-thoracic biopsy if the nodule is of a good size, is in a favorable location and the interventional radiologist performing the procedure thinks it is technically possible.

The overall risk of a collapsed lung is about 10 percent with this approach, but much higher in patients with central lesions and  considerable emphysema. The risk is lower in patients with peripheral nodules and no emphysema. If a pneumothorax occurs, sometimes the patient requires a chest tube and hospital stay for as long as one to seven days.

With ION, the procedure is done through a breathing tube in the mouth and into the airways. The risk of a collapsed lung is less than one percent.

If there is a high suspicion of cancer, doctors can also go straight to surgery, which could be the case for a 50 year-old smoker with a 0.7 centimeter nodule that grew to one centimeter and shows activity on a PET scan.

In that case, the nodule and a portion of the lung are removed and sent to pathology, which evaluates it on site and, in about 20 minutes, can indicate whether it’s cancer. From there, doctors can take more lung tissue and lymph nodes for completion of a cancer operation. They review the tissue samples, which takes about 7 to 10 days to get a full answer of the type of cancer and stage if any mutations occurred.

The ION procedure, which has been available for over five years, decreases the risk of a collapsed lung and bleeding and provides an analysis of the nodule more rapidly. The complication rate is lower than with trans thoracic surgery.

At this point, Carollo is doing the majority of these ION-assisted biopsies, while pulmonologist, Dr. Nazir Lone, is doing some, as well.

In the ION procedure, doctors use a roller ball and a wheel that requires eye-hand coordination.

The company provides training to get certified and it takes about 10 to 15 of these procedures for a surgeon to feel comfortable doing them on his or her own, Carollo said.

Huntington Hospital ensures that doctors have sufficient training before allowing them to treat or diagnose patients. “Whenever we adopt any new technology or procedure, we have significant quality guardrails,” said Fitterman.

“We make sure that anyone operating on a machine first is proctored by someone else who is facile with it. They sign off and say, ‘Yes, you now met competencies. You can do it.’”

The speed of the analysis has important implications for patients. “If we can get this done in 30 days from the time we find something to treatment, that’s huge,” Carollo said. “Patients tend to have better outcomes. They live longer,” he continued. Delays over 50 days lead to decreased one and five year survival.

Other new developments

Huntington Hospital has several other new developments in the works.

The hospital is building a new cancer center in Greenlawn as well as expanding its labor and delivery capacity to provide services to more pregnant women.

Ever since St. Catherine of Siena closed its obstetrical unit on Feb. 1, Huntington Hospital has seen an increase in the number of pregnant patients.

The labor and delivery suites will add four beds and will refresh the space the hospital currently uses. The mother-baby units are “beautiful,” but the suites have to “catch up to that,” said Fitterman.

In the third quarter of next year, during the renovation, the labor and delivery areas will move to a place where the old emergency space had been. The improvements are expected to take about three months.

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Bottom row, from left, Andrew Whitely, VP Business Development and Technology Transfer at CSHL; Dr Susan Poser, President of Hofstra University; students Dimitri Dumontier; Charlie Chung, Yong Lin, Stephen Staklinski and Javier Anduaga; Dr. Janet A. Lenaghan, Dean of the Frank G. Zarb School of Business at Hofstra University; and Erick Hunt, Director of the Institute of Innovation and Entrepreneurship at Hofstra University Top row, from left, students Zifei Wang, Viet Hang Lee, Yujia Li, Jed de Ruiter-Swain, and Eva Lentsch. Photo courtesy of Hofstra University

By Daniel Dunaief

Ten graduate students and postdoctoral researchers stepped outside their familiar surroundings at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory into a different campus and discipline recently.

As a part of the inaugural Bioscience Business Innovation Program, these developing scientists spent a week working with a collection of business professors at the Frank G. Zarb School of Business at Hofstra University, where they learned a range of subjects such as financial planning, intellectual property, leadership and project management.

The program, which will include a second week of training in March, is designed to teach developing scientists about market validation, Food and Drug Administration processes, and the creation of business models. The program also teaches leadership, team building and communications, which could help researchers who enter the pharmaceutical or biotechnology fields after they leave CSHL.

The goal is to “familiarize these new researchers on several aspects of business, marketing, finance, and management” which will help them consider the potential commercial application of their work, said Anoop Rai, Finance Professor at Zarb and one of the instructors in the Bioscience Business effort.

Indeed, in applying for some grants for startups from agencies like the National Science Foundation, researchers need to answer questions relating to growth, profitability and a target market.

“A knowledge of business is probably very important in that sense,” added Rai.

Scientists often have an interest in developing an innovation that could be useful for society, whether that’s a drug to treat a disease, a test to monitor health, or a new product. Such efforts need to “be marketed to become successful,” Rai said. “This group may, at some point, try and make [their findings] into a successful venture.”

Scientists would benefit from knowing about business in case they move to the next stage in their research or business development. To be sure, a two-week course offers an opportunity to learn and to develop an awareness of the business world, but doesn’t provide a comprehensive formula for success. The students will “get a feel more on the venture funding side, not so much on the complete running of a business,” said Rai.

Still, at the end of the program, the CSHL researchers will have an opportunity to make a pitch alongside a law student and a MBA candidate that a group of experts will evaluate. These pitches will require a basic understanding of business.

Student experience

Some of the students, who put most of their research aside for a week to immerse themselves in intensive training from a host of lecturers and experts, felt they have already benefited from such instruction.

Stephen Staklinski

One of the biggest take-home messages for PhD candidate Stephen Staklinski, who works in the lab of Professor Adam Siepel, involved understanding the consumers of any future product.

In research, Staklinski reads papers and looks for information that’s missing in the field. He rarely communicates directly with people who might be affected by any future discovery until a project is well under way. With a business viewpoint, he gained a new perspective he feels he can integrate effectively into his research.

Staklinski recognized the value of talking to physicians and cancer patients about some of their biggest issues. He sees the benefit of these open communications about how to serve patients who are battling various conditions.

In his current research, Staklinski builds statistical probabilistic models around the human genome. Specifically, he’s looking at molecular sites in RNA and is searching for targets that lead to metastatic processes. In working with experimental collaborator, Staklinski said he can “think about therapeutics to block this.”

Viet Hang Le, a postdoctoral researchers in the lab of Professor Linda Van Aelst, felt she received an introduction on how to develop fundamental research findings towards making new therapies.

“We got to learn about the laws and policies involved” in creating a new company, said Le. On the clinical safety side, she also learned how new products maneuver through health care and reach patients.

Her original curiosity was to see how research findings could lead to real-life treatments. Understanding business fundamentals opens more career options.

Indeed, even if Le and her colleagues continue to conduct research, she feels she can communicate more effectively with industry partners. It also whet her appetite for more business learning.

“It really bridges the gap between our background in fundamental science and the requirement for an MBA course,” Le explained. 

She is working on two projects in Van Aelst’s lab. In the first, she is studying early onset epilepsy, which is a symptom of an X-linked intellectual disability in patients carrying a mutation in the gene Oligophrenin 1.

In the second, she is exploring how the nervous system influences the progression of cancer in main tumors and metastatic tumors.

“We built a hypothesis on how different branches of nerves might increase the growth of cancer,” said Le. In Van Aelst’s lab, they are working with primary breast cancer and liver metastasis.

Originally from Dan Nang, Vietnam, Le spent a number of weeks during several summers as a part of the US Navy Pacific Partnership delivering medical treatment to medically underdeveloped areas in the country.

Through her lab work and any budding business interest, she would like to figure out how to deliver medical care to patients who might struggle with the financial or logistical challenge of affording care.

By connecting with experts who’ve negotiated various obstacles, “I’m gaining a clearer sense of how to streamline the path from discovery to patient care, cutting down unnecessary costs and time without compromising safety,” she said.

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Participants of last year's Human Library event. Photo by Rachael Eyler, Stony Brook University

By Daniel Dunaief

Stony Brook University is providing another opportunity for students and the community to venture beyond the labels that define and, at times, limit our views and understanding of each other.

Chris Kretz

For the second year, the university is hosting the Human Library, which gives participants an opportunity to learn about other people’s lives.

Started in 2000 in Denmark, the Human Library brings “books” (people from different walks of life, which has included a refugee, disabled parent, and person with bipolar disorder) with “readers,” who have a chance to ask questions for 30 minutes with each book.

The chapters these books share has surprised readers and given them a chance to reconsider how they view people whose lives or life experiences are different from their own.

“It’s not meant to teach people something or have them leave being converted to some new thought process,” said Chris Kretz, Head of Academic Engagement at Stony Brook University Libraries. “It gives [readers] an opportunity to speak with someone they may never normally encounter or have a conversation they may not get to have.”

The Human Library event occurs on Wednesday, Nov. 20 from noon to 3 p.m. and from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. at the Frank Melville Jr. Memorial Library’s Central Reading Room. Participants don’t need to pre-register and can show up at the library, where about 110 readers visited last year.

Kretz recommended the latter session for interested community members, which would allow them to park for free to attend the event.

Following the defined structure created by the original Human Library, attendees won’t know about the specific backgrounds of the books until they arrive. The people that represent the books will all sit at desks wearing the same black t- shirts.

“In the conversation, the colors come out,” Kretz said.

Indeed, Richard Tomczak, Director of Faculty Engagement in the Division of Undergraduate Education at SBU and a reader at last year’s Human Library, can attest to that. Tomczak spoke with a book who grew up in the outer boroughs of New York as a member of the working class.

“When you’re having a conversation about shared experiences or experiences that are new to you, it brings out the human characteristics,” said Tomczak. “I wanted to listen and absorb it all.”

Choosing a book

When readers sit down, the book offers a prologue about their lives, providing some details about their experiences. Readers who aren’t sure where to start asking questions or perusing through different chapters in the book can use prompts at each desk to begin their interaction. Readers who stay for an entire session  will be able to interact with three or four books.

Participants of last year’s Human Library event.
Photo by Rachael Eyler, Stony Brook University

“This is an opportunity for people to hone their conversational skills,” said Kretz, as well as to learn about the lives of the books who are offering details that may surprise and move the readers.

Indeed, this year, the university is stocking tissues near each book for those readers who may feel particularly touched by the stories they hear.

The university would like to ensure that the conversation is respectful and that both sides are comfortable with the discussion.

“We have rules for readers,’ said Kretz. “When they sit down with the book, the pages are in mint condition. We want to make sure everyone is on the same page. Books don’t necessarily have to answer every question.”

Kretz urged attendees to recognize that the interaction is not a debate, but presents ways for people to understand more about their own judgments and, as the Human Library website suggests, to “unjudge” each other. In addition to speaking and asking questions, readers and the books will have a chance to process what they’ve heard.

“By design, it’s a session where you have to listen,” said Kretz. “One of the values is that people get a chance to practice this muscle.”

Second year

In the second iteration of the Human Library, Stony Brook added the later time so people could come after work. The administrators have also reached out to journalism classes and to people in international programs. 

Students from other countries will “have a chance to meet people they wouldn’t have met” during their time abroad, Kretz added.

After speaking with the people who served as books last year, Stony Brook heard that the books also wanted to serve as readers of some of the other people’s lives.

University officials were pleased with the exercise last year.

“I’m impressed by how open our community was,” said Kretz. “People learned a great deal from listening to each other.”

The university is considering making this an ongoing annual tradition and might even bring people together each semester.

Other New York schools and libraries have embraced the Human Library process, including Adelphi and SUNY Albany. The Human Library has also caught on globally, as people in 85 countries on six continents have helped facilitate these conversations.

While the participants engage in meaningful discussion, the exchange isn’t designed to create a lasting social network or lead to ongoing connections between the readers and the books.

“It’s not meant for them at the end of the reading to shake hands and exchange business cards,” explained Kretz.

The event is sponsored by the University Libraries and the DEIA (Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, Accessibility) Team with the Division of Student Affairs, Office of Diversity Inclusion and Intercultural Initiative, Office of Military and Veteran Affairs, and Diversity, Intercultural and Community Engagement, and the Program in Public Health.

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