Authors Posts by Daniel Dunaief

Daniel Dunaief

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Pssst! Hey, do you want to know a secret? I’ve got a great one. It’s called … Flodgy Dodgy. Shhh! Don’t say it too loudly yet. I’m not supposed to tell anyone, but you’re a good friend. Well, no, I don’t technically know you yet, but you look like you could be a good friend. All friends start out as strangers, right?

Anyway, what is Flodgy Dodgy? It’s a made-for-TV product. Through viral marketing, we plan to put this product front and center, sharing it with the people who watch football every Sunday and with those addicted to highbrow features.

Flodgy Dodgy makes you feel good. It’s this incredible combination of things from column A, things from column B and things from column C. Each of these columns was based on years of scientific research. Well, it wasn’t actually conducted by scientists. We used these focus groups but, hey, what’s the difference? We don’t need initials. We pulled some of them directly off the Internet, so it has to be true.

We have an app, too. You can put it on your iPhone or your Samsung or whatever you’re supposed to silence before watching a movie.

So, before I get to the product, I want to let you know that the packaging of Flodgy Dodgy is not only recyclable, it’s wearable. You can take the packaging, peel off the simple sticker and, voilà, you have stickers you can put all over your notebooks and your office door. You can even put them over some of the holes in your fashionably torn jeans.

Can’t you see it? Popular kids in middle school sit down at their desks, put down their binders and there, in neon colors so bright people will practically need sunglasses to look at them, will be the name Flodgy Dodgy. When the teacher comes over and asks what it is, the kids can explain that it’s saving the environment because it doesn’t produce any waste. Well, technically, it does produce some waste, because the part you peel comes off in your hands and then you have to throw it out somewhere, but that’s not nearly as bad as the side effects from all those drugs advertised on TV.

But, wait, I haven’t gotten to the best part and, for this, we have Donald Trump to thank. He’s such an inspiration. You see, this guy doesn’t seem willing to get along with anyone in either party and he’s so far from the common man that he might as well be living on Mount Olympus, but, hey, that doesn’t matter. He’s on TV and he plays well on the small screen. He could be the first made-for-TV president who has the ability to say what we’re thinking. If we have no thoughts, he would convince us what we should be thinking because he’s The Man.

I digress. Our idea — and you’ll love this — is that we’re starting a Flodgy Dodgy network. We’re going to go out with cameras and find the people with the most Flodgy Dodgy stickers all over them and we’re going to give them 10 seconds to do a Flodgy Dodgy dance.

That’s right, TV. Ahhh! Can’t you picture it? And we’re going to let people link through the TV to all their social networks, so their friends and their jealous enemies will be able to watch them do their thing in full Flodgy Dodgy outfits.

Oh, sorry, my time’s up. I didn’t get to the product itself, but who cares? It’s not about the stuff inside, it’s about everything else and, when it comes to everything else, Flodgy Dodgy is No. 1. Now, remember, we don’t want you to tell anyone but your 20 or 50 best friends. OK?

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While she’s brushing her teeth, she can hear elephants passing outside. She’s spotted lion footprints in the ground outside an electrified fence that gives her comfort when she sleeps on a bed in a tent at night.

Catherine Markham, an assistant professor in the Department of Anthropology at Stony Brook University, has been traveling to Kenya for the last 10 years to study baboons as a part of the Amboseli Baboon Research Project, a decades-long study of baboons on a savannah north of Mt. Kilimanjaro.

Markham and her colleagues recently discovered that there is something of a Goldilocks phenomenon when it comes to group size for baboons. A group that has a smaller number of baboons has to spend more time watching out for predators like leopards, lions and hyenas and foraging carefully amid competition with other baboon groups, while a group that has too many members travels over greater distances to find food.

Markham measured the amount of stress adult females felt by monitoring a glucocorticoid hormone. The least stressed baboons were the ones in the mid-sized group, where the benefits of social living — companions to pick bugs off their fur, extra eyes to watch out for predators and potential mates to raise and protect offspring — outweighed the challenges of competing with other group members for food. She published her results recently in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Susan Alberts, the Robert F. Durden professor of biology at Duke University, suggested Markham’s research provided “the most compelling empirical evidence ever produced that animals living in social groups experience a tension” within and between groups that is resolved at an intermediate size.

Alberts said that in this sweet spot for group size, she’d expect individuals would live longer and have higher fertility.

“This has changed the way we think of the costs and benefits of groups of different sizes,” Alberts said.

Jeanne Altmann, a founder of the Amboseli Baboon Research Project and emeritus professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at Princeton, said research like Markham’s will “facilitate predicting and potentially assisting with the challenges social groups of diverse species, including humans, will face in the changing environment of the future.”

Altmann added it was “especially wonderful to see how much the current generation of young scientists exemplified by Catherine Markham can accomplish by taking what’s come before them and developing new techniques and insights.”

As a behavioral ecologist, Markham is interested in how baboons, and other animals, manage the trade-off in group living.

The next set of questions could address whether group size, or hormone levels, can serve as a predictor for a fissioning of social groups, which happens infrequently.

When groups fission, social bonds break permanently, which can cause a different kind of stress that may help explain why groups that are above optimal size continue to stay together, despite the stress and intragroup competition, Alberts said.

While she’s observing the baboons, Markham generally tries to stay at least 10 meters from them. Scientists like Markham, or anyone else who visits Amboseli, need to follow rules that extend beyond the proximity to animals.

When she’s conducting research, she makes sure she’s with at least one other person. Once, she was watching a female baboon closely when a car came up behind her.

“This wonderful Kenyan, who is a good friend, said, ‘I’m saving you from the elephant.’ I looked and, sure enough, the elephant who, at my last check had been on the distant horizon, wanted to investigate” Markham and the baboons.

The elephant was close enough that she knew it was time to “get in the car.”

To gain insight into the stress levels of these baboons without poking or prodding them, Markham and her collaborators studied the clues the baboons left behind. They watched the animals carefully and, once an animal relieved herself and left the area, the researchers retrieved the droppings.

“It’s not the most glamorous part of my job, that’s for sure,” she said. “At this point, I am so motivated by the question and I see it as a tool to noninvasively understand what these animals are going through. It’s a way to have some window into their internal state without having to dart them.”

She said the success of a program like this wouldn’t be possible without the dedication and knowledge of an experienced and talented team of Kenyan researchers. The Kenyans know the individual baboons well, using scars on their faces, body size or individual markings.

Markham, who lives in St. James and is originally from Maryland, said she became interested in nature in part because of trips with her father Julian Markham to a book store, where she would buy National Geographic magazines for a dime or a quarter.

Markham, who joined the staff at Stony Brook last year, said she is excited to be a part of a strong anthropology program.

As for her time in Kenya, she gets to live out her childhood dreams, where, she finds the “ecosystem and animals beautiful. These are some of the happiest times in my life. Watching animals in the wild is something so special.”

Members of the community can hear directly from Markham at a talk she’s giving entitled the “Evolution of Social Complexity in Chimpanzees and Baboons” on Nov. 20 at 7:30 p.m. at the Earth and Space Sciences Lecture Hall 001 on the west campus of Stony Brook University.

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Meng Yue at the Northeast Solar Energy Research Center. Photo from BNL

For film makers, a sudden change in weather conditions can provide a metaphor for a shift in the plot or a change in the relationship among central characters. For Meng Yue, however, the appearance of heavy, thick clouds or a sudden stoppage in wind can disrupt energy flow to a utility.

An electrical engineer in the Department of Sustainable Energy Technology at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Yue explores how the changes in production from renewable energy sources can disrupt the grid, adding either too much energy to the system or not enough.

“The major issue with wind and solar energy is that they are changing all the time,” said Yue. “Because they are intermittent and variable, it creates issues with the grid. We want to keep the grid stable.”

His research, he said, explores how the grid balances between unpredictable supply and demand, both of which can be affected by the same changes. A cold wind, for example, might help generate power while it could also increase the need for heat in homes and offices.

The uncertainties between energy production and consumption might “cancel each other out, but they may also add together,” Yue said. “We have to balance” the supply and use of energy all the time “because we do not want to have any interruption of electricity delivery.”

While he works with the Northeast Solar Energy Research Center at BNL, he spends more of his time using systems analytical models.

In his work, he builds a model for a grid, using solar and wind.

Working with energy is similar to providing any product to consumers, trying to balance between supply and demand.

“If I’m operating my grid, I don’t want to have too much generation or too little,” he said. “Both will cause grid issues.”

As electric grids are designed now, they are capable of sudden fluctuations in demand. When a train from the Long Island Railroad pulls into a station, the system is prepared for this surge although, as Yue describes it, that change is relatively small for the grid, which can withstand some variation.

One of the challenges with renewable energy is that the cost of storing the energy is too high, he said. In the future, as the country continues to increase the amount of energy derived from wind and solar, there may be other storage challenges.

Most of Yue’s work, he said, is computer model based. Running these tests provides some basic information, but it also leads to suggestions and analysis that Yue shares with utilities. He recommends where to put mitigation systems in and how much a utility might need to correct any kinds of problems.

Robert Lofaro, who as the Group Leader in the Renewable Energy Group at BNL is Yue’s supervisor, said Yue has developed and employed a high level of expertise.

“He has a background in electrical power engineering and probabilistic techniques which makes him an excellent smart grid researcher,” Lofaro said. Yue is “very well respected in the smart grid community.”

Yue takes a probabilistic approach to try to capture uncertainties in his studies so that they can be accounted for in decision making. He also reduces uncertainties through a more precise model.

Yue is “quickly becoming known for his work on power system modeling and application of probabilistic techniques to grid operation and planning,” Lofaro said.

Yue has worked closely with meteorologists for years, trying to collect the kinds of forecasts that would inform decision making at utilities. Not only does that help infuse ideas about how to prepare for changes in the amount of energy generated, but it also can aid utilities as they prepare for the likely damage from an approaching storm.

A resident of Miller Place, Yue lives with his wife Qiong Yang, an engineer at a communication company, and their sons Alan, nine, and Clarence, who is five years old. A native of China, Yue has been at BNL for 12 years.

When he travels, he said it’s hard to turn off the part of his brain that is thinking about electric grids and systems.

“No matter where you can go, you can’t avoid seeing the infrastructure like transmission lines,” Yue said. He thinks about how much energy the lines can carry, while he also notices solar or wind farms.

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Now that the pumpkins are disappearing, I can get ready for the best holiday ever. It’s only about 14 weeks before everyone comes for Thanksgiving. Confused? I’m the dog and you have to multiply any time unit by seven.

Keep that in mind when it looks like I need to relieve myself. That “one more minute and I’ll take you out” line becomes especially painful when your 10 minutes is more than an hour of leaning against the wall, desperately trying not to be a “bad doggie” by relieving on the carpet.

What do I love about Thanksgiving? Let’s start with the food. There’s always someone — a vegetarian, a vegan or a messy kid — who wants to remove turkey from their plate without offending the host.

With the guests coming into an unfamiliar kitchen, I get plenty of scraps that don’t make it into the garbage. When these people turn their heads quickly to look at a touchdown, they miss the garbage can with the food they’re shoveling off their plate. Once in a while, I push the garbage can an inch or two to the left or right when no one is looking.

The weather is perfect for me. I walk around all summer wearing this heavy coat with my tongue hanging down by the floor, and waiting for the leaves to change. I can’t wait to get outside and roll around on the ground, scratching my back and breathing in the cool air.

Besides the food, my favorite times are when there’s a big fight. I know these people don’t come together to argue, but they can’t help it. They’ve got old wounds, they don’t get along all the time and their kids have huge differences. People go from barking at each other, to walking away, to barking and stomping, to whimpering. I can relate to all of that.

It doesn’t happen every year, especially now that everyone holds their electronics and ignores people in the room. Still, there’s the potential for howling. Now, while I wouldn’t suggest arguing, it can and does have its benefits for me. Every time someone gets upset enough, he or she grabs the leash and takes me for an incredibly long walk. That’s when they talk to me while I’m out there doing my usual sniffing for signs of other dogs on my pathway.

This one time I was sure I smelled a mixture of a Great Dane and a greyhound. That must have been one huge dog. I’ve had dreams about meeting that dog and challenging him to a race. I know I’m just a mutt, but I get big ideas and maybe the holidays will bring more than another bone and a pat on the head this year.

Anyway, people sometimes get on their knees and pet me while they look deep into my eyes. I look back at them and see why humans and dogs first became friends. Their eyes look so doglike sometimes, it’s incredible. And the cool thing is, if the light is right, I can see a small dog in the black part of their eyes. I keep wondering when I’ll meet that dog or if, maybe, deep down inside those eyes there’s a dog waiting to come out.

Bottom line? Don’t ask too much of me now. I’m saving my appetite for the big weekend and for all the exercise and heart-to-heart talks.

Woof!

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From left, Benjamin Lawler and Sotirios Mamalis with the prototype engine they will use in their Department of Energy-backed research. Photo from SBU

The one who grew up in Greece specializes in working on computers, where he plugs numbers into a model, runs simulated tests and generates information. His collaborator, who was raised near Boston, works with physical models, testing, tinkering and changing objects in real life.

From left, Benjamin Lawler and Sotirios Mamalis with the prototype engine they will use in their Department of Energy-backed research.  Photo from SBU
From left, Benjamin Lawler and Sotirios Mamalis with the prototype engine they will use in their Department of Energy-backed research. Photo from SBU

Together, these two mechanical engineers who work at Stony Brook, recently won a $1 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy to develop and test a patented design they hope improves the efficiency and reduces the emissions of car engines.

“The heart of what we do,” said Benjamin Lawler, an assistant professor in mechanical engineering, speaking broadly about his research interests, “is to look at the way our society works, look for inefficiencies and look for ways we can improve upon them.”

With a proposal to work with an onboard fuel reformer, Lawler, who is originally from Swampscott, Massachusetts, and Sotirios Mamalis, who was raised in Athens, Greece, won one of eight DOE grants awarded to research teams around the country that are exploring similar ways to improve vehicle technology.

The two engineers met when they were Ph.D. students at the University of Michigan. They had the same advisor, Dennis Assanis, who is now the provost at Stony Brook and a professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Assanis said these engineers faced stiff competition against people with similar backgrounds from around the world. “They prevailed over a pool of talented applicants,” Assanis said, adding that he has “tremendous confidence in their abilities.”

Stony Brook has been building its mechanical engineering department, among others at the campus, and hopes to nearly double the number of faculty within the next five years, Assanis said. He would like mechanical engineering to be “one of our strong pillars” for academic research.

Lawler and Mamalis are looking at improving the practical application of an existing technology called Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition. These type of engines require two different types of fuel, which limits their use.

“Concepts that use two fuels haven’t worked out well,” Assanis said.

Lawler and Mamalis are hoping to improve on the use of an onboard fuel reform system that will change the chemical composition of one type of gas into two, enabling more consumer vehicles to benefit from the RCCI technology.

An onboard fuel reformer will “take a fuel and partially react it, changing its chemical composition into a different mixture,” Lawler said.

Using funds from the grant for the next three years, Lawler and Mamalis will test conventional gas, diesel and natural gas to see if their approach to the fuel reformer can expand the application of this technology.

Mamalis said he expects, based on the literature and the properties of the parent fuels, that conventional gas will be the best candidate for the process.

Lawler and Mamalis said they face a number of hurdles to make their approach viable.

“One of the personal concerns I have is whether there’s enough difference between the parent fuel and what it gets reformed into,” Lawler said.

Assanis, who is a co-principal investigator on the grant, said there’s “very good potential” for this fuel reformer, although he, too, recognized the difficulties along the way.

“We can’t have a reformer that takes too much space and we need to keep the weight low,” Assanis said. Still, this kind of research could lead to advances in the technology. “We need to walk before we drive,” said Assanis.

If the work on this project shows some promise, and Lawler and Mamalis generate improved efficiency and lower emissions, they would likely submit more grants and, down the road, look to attract a commercial partner.

Stony Brook “wants to give back to the community” with its innovations, Assanis said. If this proves effective, the researchers could license it to others or they might form a start-up company with university investors.

In addition to the internal combustion engine work, the duo is working on a study funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy that relates to stationary electrical power generation.

Assanis said this is one of four ARPA-E awards Stony Brook faculty have received recently, that total a combined $6.5 million.

“It’s hard to get these grants,” Assanis said. “We’ve gotten four awards at the same time in different areas. This shows you where we want to go.”

Lawler and Mamalis said they are working to learn each other’s domains, as Mamalis has improved Lawler’s knowledge of computer modeling and Mamalis is spending more time working with the machine parts in the lab.

A resident of Stony Brook, Lawler said Long Island is similar to where he grew up. The differences are more dramatic for Mamalis, who speaks Greek, English and German. Mamalis said he has a “professional opportunity to grow that he wouldn’t have in Greece,” and he appreciates the proximity to New York City.

The two assistant professors worked with one graduate student in their lab last semester. This semester, they have five graduate students.

Assanis expressed confidence in the professional collaborations of these two mechanical engineers. “They are a good partnership,” Assanis said and he sees how “well they complement each other.”

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November movies are a reminder of what the medium of film can be. My wife and I recently saw “The Martian” and “Bridge of Spies.”

These two new films offer viewers a chance to think, instead of just reacting to exploding robots or people with sudden super powers.

“The Martian,” starring Matt Damon, is about how astronaut Mark Watney, who is stuck on Mars, tries to communicate with people worlds away and to survive until a rescue mission can return for him. Oh, come on, people if you’ve seen even one preview, you know that much. Anyway, Damon doesn’t spend the entire movie flexing his muscles, shooting guns and running away from would-be assassins — he reserves those actions for the series of Bourne films. He figures out how to use the limited resources on Mars to survive. While it’s difficult to blend the possibilities of real science with an explanation of what he’s doing to an audience that might not follow everything, the film does an excellent job keeping up the suspense while giving us a Martian MacGyver.

Damon’s portrayal, and the reaction of his body to an extended stay alone on Mars, is compelling. At one point, he describes how he has to ration his food, going from eating three meals a day to eating one meal every three days. By flipping back and forth from Earth to an Ares capsule to Mars, the movie keeps the action, suspense and drama going without turning the movie into a one-man show. The scenes with the staff at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory were especially satisfying, offering a look at some of the ways the hardworking analysts, engineers and scientists on Earth make it possible for humans — and satellites — to perform extraordinary tasks.

The scene shifts from the work Watney is doing on Mars to the tireless efforts of the JPL staff make it clear how much science like this is a team effort. As an aside, several scientists on Long Island have worked at a range of NASA facilities, developing technology for use on Mars rovers or working to understand the effects of extended exposure to radiation on the human body.

Meanwhile back in the late 1950s in “Bridge of Spies,” Brooklyn lawyer Jim Donovan, played by Tom Hanks, is assigned the unenviable task of defending Russian spy Rudolf Abel. The film captures the clash of duty to our country that surged through the ranks of attorneys, police officers and judges, with a duty to our Constitution which had — and often still has — a much more challenging set of rules to follow.

Donovan takes risks by defending Abel. The movie doesn’t address what secrets Abel might have been revealing, and it doesn’t need to. What it does offer, however, is a compassionate look at a soldier in a war for information during a period of heightened tension between two countries capable of destroying the world.

Portraying Abel, Mark Rylance, a stage actor who was won three Tony Awards, steals the movie. His subtle and nuanced portrayal of Abel as a prisoner of war is captivating. The audience can see how Donovan might have made the transition from doing his duty and ensuring a legal defense for this spy to feeling a greater responsibility for a man who was a devoted soldier, albeit in a war against his own country.

The characters, performances and situations in “The Martian” and “Bridge of Spies” stay with the viewers well after walking out of the theaters. Too bad Oscar voting season doesn’t come more often in a year.

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The first few moments
after we open our eyes, our minds process everything around us. Wait, what day is it? Hmm, did we dry clean the right suit for today? Do we really have to do that presentation? Could it possibly have snowed and might we have a day when we can relax at home?

Somewhere in those moments when we put the pieces of our lives and minds together, we might take stock of how we feel about the coming day and its challenges. Are we going to puff out chests, knowing that we’re going to ace that test, that we’re going to give the perfect presentation or that we’re going to do so well in that job interview that the company will not only offer us a position but will give us a higher salary than they had intended.

Where do we find the zen, strength and confidence to succeed, while having something to offer? And why, like a reputation, does it so often seem so fragile?

Let’s take a look at children. They are smaller versions of us — up until high school — and some of the thoughts, emotions and reactions to experiences that they have are more visible. They haven’t learned how to cover so much of themselves up.

When they play their musical instruments, for example, we can tell that they’ve played the wrong note by the color of their faces and by the way they slump their shoulders when they stand with the group for a final applause. We can watch them pull their hats low over their eyes when they throw a ball into right field from shortstop or when they shake their heads and roll their eyes at their misfires.

Even surrounded by a large collection of friends and family, our children can so readily believe the worst about themselves. In a way, I suppose, believing that we can and should be better could be motivational. We’re not where we want to be, we’re not who we want to be, and we have to figure out how to get from the now of point A to the goal of point B.

It’s also important for us to find some humility. If we walked around town, the house or school acting as if we were the preordained future leader of the free world, we would be insufferable, irritating and ridiculous.

Still, when it comes to that balancing act, we seem so much more likely to look down on ourselves, our efforts and our achievements. No matter how much our parents or friends tell us we’re fantastic and that we contributed something extraordinary, we are still ready to home in on the imperfections and wonder whether we’ll ever live up to our own expectations.

We read inspirational books, follow the examples of people who have achieved what we’d like to do and surround ourselves, sometimes, with sayings like, “Today is the start of something incredible.” Along the way, however, someone nudges us off the tracks and we hope that tomorrow might be the real start of something spectacular.

Maybe there are people who have become so effective at becoming “nattering nabobs of negativity,” to borrow from former Vice President Spiro Agnew, that we are ready to believe them. It’s easier, after all, to knock someone off a mountain than it is to climb one yourself.

Maybe, in addition to all the diet plans to help us avoid giving in to our cravings for the sugar our country produces and uses to celebrate so many occasions, what we need is a new industry: Mojo Inc.

This could allow us to succeed in a humble way, perhaps, while refueling us with positive energy.

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Prof. W. Richard McCombie works in his lab at CSHL. Photo from CSHL

It’s an issue that attracts debate because there are large enough overlapping or gray areas that make it challenging to offer a definitive answer across a range of circumstances.

“I had a professor in graduate school who put it this way: If you have the genetic variant for Huntington’s disease, you will get Huntington’s disease,” said W. Richard McCombie, a professor and director of the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. “If you walk in front of a truck that’s going 70 miles per hour on an interstate, your genes are irrelevant. Everything else is in between.”

Indeed, McCombie and his lab have become something of expert genetic speed readers, looking at enormous multiples of genes that were almost unthinkable just a decade or so ago.

“Next-generation sequencing has dramatically changed the field of genomics, allowing researchers to access an unprecedented amount of data,” he said. “The challenge lies in the analysis of these large data sets.”

The sequences he describes are the combination of the four base pairs, adenine, guanine, cytosine and tyrosine, strung together in a double-helix ladder design.

The implications of these new genetic sequences and libraries range from generating personalized medicine and understanding the prognosis for different diseases and likelihoods of effective therapy to seeking ways to enhance the production of food and energy crops.

The basic question he’s asking is “what’s the correlation between the structure and function of a living organism, in terms of the genome?”

From a practical standpoint, working in different systems helps when McCombie is applying for funding, he suggested.

The technology and expertise he develops also have applications across systems. When he gets funding to explore the sequence of large plant genomes, he can then use what he learns from that to work on studying cancer.

McCombie’s contributions have spanned several areas, including developing next-generation sequencing, contributing to plant genome sequencing and studying the genetic basis of cognitive disorders, said Greg Hannon, the Royal Society Wolfson Research Professor at the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute at the University of Cambridge, who has co-authored 17 papers with McCombie.

“He has made tremendous impacts across multiple fields,” Hannon said,

McCombie is “a real hero of the lab,” and Hannon said he “can’t think of anyone else who has had the diversity of impact he has.”

Sequencing in general has involved instruments that look at small bits of data at a time, around 100 base fragments. Using something called long-read technology, researchers can now examine pieces that are around 10,000 base pairs.

This technology is “really coming along” and has implications for cancer, where tumors are often due to rearrangements, insertions or deletions, while it also might impact plant genomics, where the long-read technology can be 100 to 1,000 times as effective as the short-read technology, McCombie said.

Sequencing pieces of genes is like taking a picture of, say, the Grand Canyon and turning that into a jigsaw puzzle. In the short-read technology, the pieces are smaller and, in some cases, show some of the same features. In the long-read technology, the pieces are much larger, turning the picture into something closer to a small child’s puzzle.

The long reads have a lower raw accuracy, he said, but with enough coverage, scientists can achieve a high consensus accuracy because the errors are mostly random.

The long-read technology is like having a puzzle with four pieces, instead of 1,000, he said.

The process of comparing genes or looking for a smoking gun causative set of genes involved in disease can be and is difficult, especially when comparing the genes of an individual with a representative healthy set of genes.

“Searching for causative genes can be very challenging particularly in complex diseases where more than one gene (and often many genes) contributes to the disease,” McCombie explained. “Trying to pinpoint causative variants is complicated by the normal background variation.”

Indeed, it’s more productive and instructive to look at larger sample sizes of people or to examine trios — the genes of parents unaffected by a genetic disease and their affected child.

Using these trios, McCombie and other scientists have found some overlap in potentially causative genes across disorders from schizophrenia and bipolar disorder to autism and intellectual impairment. McCombie is currently exploring multiple sets of genes in cases of depression.

McCombie and his wife Janice, a computer technician who works in Manhattan, live in Port Washington, which, he says, is convenient to the many operas they enjoy.

Given the flood of information available through all the genetic data that comes out daily, McCombie said scientists entering this field have to have some skill and understanding of bioinformatics, which makes sense of vast amounts of data.

“I give a short talk to the first-year grad students on their research every year,” he said. “One of them asked me if I thought bioinformatics was important in biology research. To be realistic, people in [the next generation] have no future if [they’re] not adept at working on computers and don’t understand bioinformatics.”

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Thanks for seeing me on such short notice, Doc. I’ve got a problem and it just can’t wait. Oh, yes, thanks for noticing. I am wearing my Yankees sweatshirt again. I was worried that it was bringing the Yankees bad luck all those games, but then I realized my sweatshirt was the least of their worries.

You see, I’m developing … do you mind if I whisper here …. Mets envy.

Yes, shush, don’t write it down. I don’t want that in my files. I am a proud Yankees fan and I can quote stats and bring out iconic baseball names. But the big problem is that the Mets are not only relevant, they’re great.

No, they’re not Tony the Tiger great. Geez, Doc. Do you even watch baseball? It’s America’s pastime, you know? It might help you to understand people like me if you followed sports.

Anyway, so the Mets have always been like the baseball younger brother in this area. They have a great song that I learned growing up; it’s got words, while the Yankee song doesn’t.

No, stop, don’t worry about the stupid song. Anyway, so, you have these Mets and they’re stacked with great pitchers. And, for the most part, they didn’t have to race out and buy them from somewhere else. They got this kid Noah Syndergaard, they call him Thor, who throws around 100 miles per hour. They traded for him from the Toronto Blue Jays, along with their catcher Travis d’Arnaud in exchange for R.A. Dickey. Man, that trade certainly turned out well for the Mets.

And then they have Daniel Murphy. He’s their second baseman and he’s in the last year of his contract and he’s making even some of the best pitchers in baseball look like they’re throwing batting practice. How does someone get to be so good at just the right moment? Don’t do that thing where you answer a question with a question. I hate that. OK, I’m guessing it has something to do with the fact that he’s in the last year of his contract and he’s playing for a big payday.

I’ve wondered whether a manager could create an entire team of talented players who are good, but not spectacularly expensive, who are playing for the next big contract. Yes, I know, that’s the American way. Doc, stop interrupting … it’s more like an American nightmare.

Anyway, so while Murphy is crushing balls over the fence and stealing bases even when the pitcher isn’t throwing the ball, his teammates are doing so many little things right, too. What do I mean? Well, after Murphy took third base that time, the next guy up was d’Arnaud. He came up with one out and a runner on third. Now, if it were the Yankees this year, that runner would have been stranded there, marooned like he was on Gilligan’s island. What does the Mets catcher do? Well, of course, he hits a sacrifice fly and drives in a huge run. He didn’t even look like he was trying to hit a home run. That’s just not in the Yankees playbook.

Why can’t my team do that? Stop nodding your head. I know it’s dark at Yankee Stadium at this time of year and I know Yankee fans are benefiting from all the extra time on our hands. But, you see Doc, the Mets aren’t just good now. They look like they could be good for years. And, well, the Yankees are old and stiff and breaking down.

Doc? What are you doing? Come on, seriously? You’re buying Mets tickets for next year while I’m sitting here? I thought you didn’t follow baseball. Wow, you got those seats? Hey, can you take me to a game or two? I promise not to whimper too much.

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BNL’s Peter Guida with Daniela Trani, a summer school student at the NASA Space Radiation Lab. Photo from BNL

Ferdinand Magellan didn’t have the luxury of sending a machine into the unknown around the world before he took to the seas. Modern humans, however, dispatch satellites, rovers and orbiters into the farthest reaches of the universe. Several months after the New Horizons spacecraft beamed back the first close-up images of Pluto from over three billion miles away, NASA confirmed the presence of water on Mars.

The Mars discovery continues the excitement over the possibility of sending astronauts to the Red Planet as early as the 2030s.

Before astronauts can take a journey between planets that average 140 million miles apart, scientists need to figure out the health effects of prolonged exposure to damaging radiation.

Each year, liaison biologist Peter Guida at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) at Brookhaven National Laboratory coordinates the visits of over 400 scientists to a facility designed to determine, among other things, what radiation does to the human body and to find possible prevention or treatment for any damage.

Guida is working to “improve our understanding of the effects that space radiation from cosmic rays have on humans,” explained Michael Sivertz, a physicist at the same facility. “He would like to make sure that voyages to Mars do not have to be one-way trips.”

Guida said radiation induces un-repaired and mis-repaired DNA damage. Enough accumulated mutations can cause cancer. Radiation also induces reactive oxygen species and produces secondary damage that is like aging.

The results from these experiments could provide insights that lead to a better understanding of diseases in general and may reveal potential targets for treatment.

This type of research could help those who battle cancer, neurological defects or other health challenges, Guida said.

By observing the molecular changes tissues and cells grown in the lab undergo in model systems as they transition from healthy to cancerous, researchers can look to protect or restore genetic systems that might be especially vulnerable.

If the work done at the NSRL uncovers some of those genetic steps, it could also provide researchers and, down the road, doctors with a way of using those genes as predictors of cancer or can offer guidance in tailoring individualized medical treatment based on the molecular signature of a developing cancer, Guida suggested.

Guida conducts research on neural progenitor cells, which can create other types of cells in the nervous system, such as astrocytes. He also triggers differentiation in these cells and works with mature neurons. He has collaborated with Roger M. Loria, a professor in microbiology and immunology at Virginia Commonwealth University, on a compound that reverses the damage from radiation on the hematological, or blood, system.

The compound can increase red blood cells, hemoglobin and platelet counts even after exposure to some radiation. It also increases monocytes and the number of bone marrow cells. A treatment like this might be like having the equivalent of a fire extinguisher nearby, not only for astronauts but also for those who might be exposed to radiation through accidents like Fukushima or Chernobyl or in the event of a deliberate act.

Loria is conducting tests for Food and Drug Administration approval, Guida said.

If this compound helps astronauts, it might also have applications for other health challenges, although any other uses would require careful testing.

While Guida conducts and collaborates on research, he spends the majority of his time ensuring that the NSRL is meeting NASA’s scientific goals and objectives by supporting the research of investigators who conduct their studies at the site. He and a team of support personnel at NSRL set up the labs and equipment for these visiting scientists. He also schedules time on the beam line that generates ionizing particles.

Guida is “very well respected within the space radiation community, which is why he was chosen to have such responsibility,” said Sivertz, who has known Guida for a decade.

Guida and his wife Susan, a therapist who is in private practice, live in Searingtown.

While Guida recalls making a drawing in crayon after watching Neil Armstrong land on the moon, he didn’t seek out an opportunity at BNL because of a long-standing interest in space. Rather, his scientific interest stemmed from a desire to contribute to cancer research.

When he was 15, his mother Jennie, who was a seamstress, died after a two-year battle with cancer. Guida started out his career at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, where he hoped to make at least the “tiniest contribution” to cancer research.

He pursued postdoctoral research at BNL to study the link between mutations, radiation and cancer.

Guida feels as if he’s contributed to cancer research and likes to think his mother is proud of him. “Like a good scientist,” though, he said he’s “never satisfied. Good science creates the need to do more good science. When you find something out, that naturally leads to more questions.”