CLOSE
Authors Posts by Daniel Dunaief

Daniel Dunaief

1463 POSTS 0 COMMENTS

by -
0 1322
Dave Tuveson. Photo by Gina Motisi/CSHL

By Daniel Dunaief

While one bad apple might spoil the bunch, the same might be true of one bad cancer gene.

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory’s Cancer Director Dave Tuveson and Derek Cheng, who earned his PhD from Stony Brook University while conducting research in Tuveson’s lab, recently explored how some mutant forms of genes in pancreatic cancer can involve other proteins that also promote cancer.

A gene well-researched in Tuveson’s lab, mutated KRAS promotes cell division. Mutant versions of this gene continue to produce copies of themselves, contributing to cancer.

Derek Cheng

Turning off or blocking this gene, however, doesn’t solve the problem, at least not in the laboratory models that track a cancer cell’s response.

In laboratory models of pancreatic cancer, a disease for which the prognosis is often challenging, other proteins play a role, creating what researchers call an “adaptive resistance” to chemotherapy.

In a paper published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Cheng, who is the first author and is currently in his final year of medical school at the Stony Brook Renaissance School of Medicine, and Tuveson showed that a protein called RSK1 interacts at the membrane with mutated KRAS. When KRAS is inhibited, the RSK1 protein, which normally keeps RAS proteins dormant, becomes more active.

“If you antagonize KRAS, you would get a rebound” as the cancer cells develop a resistance to the original drug, Tuveson said. “We found a feedback loop.”

The research “focused on identifying protein complexes with oncogenic KRAS that would potentially be relevant in pancreatic cancer,” Cheng explained in an email. “My work suggests that an RSK1/NF1 complex exists in the vicinity of oncogenic KRAS.”

While Cheng was able to show that the role of membrane-localized RSK1 provided negative regulation of wild-type RAS, it “remains to be studied what the role of the RSK1 at the membrane [is] in the context of oncogenic KRAS.”

KRAS is a molecular switch that turns on and off with the help of other proteins. With certain mutations, the switch doesn’t turn off, continuing to signal for copying and dividing, which are hallmarks of cancer cells. With specific activating mutations, the switch can lose its ability to turn off and constitutively signal for proliferation, metabolic reprogramming, and other behaviors characteristic of cancer cells, Cheng explained.

A cell with an oncogenic KRAS has the tendency to be more fit than a normal cell without one. Such cells will likely grow at a faster rate under stressful conditions, which, over time, can enable them to outcompete normal cells, Cheng continued.

When KRAS is in an oncogenic state, another protein, called RSK1 is hanging around the membrane. RSK1 has several functions and can participate in numerous cellular signaling pathways.

KRAS cytoplasm

While RSK1 is involved in protein translation by phosphorylating S6 kinase, it also has other functions at the plasma membrane, where it shuts down wild type RAS proteins.

Other researchers have suggested a negative feedback for RSK1 and NF1.

“Our contribution demonstrated some relevance of this interaction in pancreatic cancer cells,” Cheng explained in an email.

Cheng said RSK is known to have various effects, depending on the context. In the paper, the scientists showed that RSK has a “negative feedback properties, such as that, upon the removal of mutant KRAS, it has this negative regulatory role.”

Graduate student Sun Kim and post doctoral researchers Hsiu-Chi Ting and Jonathan Kastan are currently exploring whether RSK has a pro-oncogenic function on the membrane in the tumor cell.

So far, these studies suggest that while a direct inhibitor against oncogenic KRAS would likely be the greatest target for an effective therapy, cancer cells may still be able to use signals from other RAS isoforms.

“A combination of targeting KRAS and modulating regulators of RAS such as RSK1/NF1 and SOS1 may enhance therapeutic efficacy,” Cheng suggested.

Cheng is grateful for the opportunity to learn from numerous Tuveson lab members on ways cancer cells differ from healthy cells.

The discovery of the potential roles of RSK1 in cancer provides some possible explanation for the potential resistance mechanisms of mutant KRAS inhibitors.

While he was encouraged that a prestigious journal published the research, Tuveson said he hopes this type of observation “will lead to something that will be useful for a pancreatic cancer patient and not just” provide compelling ideas.

Cheng attended medical school for two years before joining Tuveon’s lab for the next six years.

Cheng defended his thesis in 2020 during the pandemic on a zoom call.

“I was one of the first people to defend with this format for both CSHL and SBU,” Cheng explained. “I was able to invite many friends and family that probably would not have been able to make the trip.”

Cheng’s family has battled cancer, which contributed to his research interests.

When he was an undergraduate, he had an uncle develop glioblastoma, while another uncle and his grandfather developed colon cancer.

“I knew I wasn’t going to be able to do much about their medical condition, but I wanted to work on something that people cared about,” Cheng explained.

Outside of the lab, Cheng enjoys working on his car and his motorcycles. He feels a sense of autonomy working on his own projects.

He’s most proud of a motorcycle for which he rebuilt the front end with parts from another model to outfit a larger brake system.

A native of St. Louis, Cheng is a fan of the hockey team, the Blues. He owns a game-worn jersey from almost every member of the 2019 cinderella team that won the Stanley cup, with some of those jerseys coming from Stanley Cup final games.

Cheng plans to apply to residency in internal medicine this year because he wants to continue applying what he learned in his scientific and medical training.

The clinical work reminds him to treat patients and not just the tumors, while scientific research trained him to loo at evidence and literature carefully to find clinical gaps, he explained.

by -
0 69
Pixabay photo

By Daniel Dunaief

Daniel Dunaief

If you’ve ever watched the show “The Voice,” which teenage sensation Carter Rubin from Shoreham won last year, you know the format involves celebrity judges making blind choices during a prolonged audition process.

With their backs to the performers, the judges listen to the contestants sing several bars of familiar songs, sometimes swaying, sometimes mouthing the words, until they hear something in the voices that clicks or that they think they can improve to lead these aspiring artists to the promised land of a music contract, fame and fortune.

The process is imperfect, as are most decisions we make.

The judges don’t get to rate everyone, listening to the entire array of singers before rank ordering or assembling their team. As they go, they add aspiring musicians to their teams, competing against the other judges to encourage performers to work with them.

This process is akin to so many others in so many contexts.

Many years ago, I attended a spectacular and extravagant holiday party for Bloomberg News at the Museum of Natural History. The organization had rented the entire museum during after hours. Fortunately, I brought my then-girlfriend, who is now my wife, to that event, which has given us a party to remember over two decades later.

Anyway, each room had a performer and a collection of tables with mouth-watering food. Hungry and maneuvering slowly through each room, we probably ate more than we should have in the first few rooms, until we understood the spectacular assortment of foods, culminating with sushi under the blue whale in the main room.

Pixabay photo

Having eaten more than I should prior to reaching the whale, I could only sample a few pieces of sushi before shutting down the food consumption. Well, that was true until we waited for the one person in the coatroom who was matching tickets to coats. At that point, servers brought trays of dark and white chocolate-covered strawberries up and down the line.

The point, however, is that the imperfect choices my wife and I made earlier in the evening affected how much we could eat as the night wore on.

In the last few months, I spoke with several researchers in Stony Brook University’s Department of Geosciences, including Joel Hurowitz and Scott McLennan. They are working with a rover on Mars that is choosing rocks in the Jezero crater, putting together a collection of samples that will, one day, return with a round trip mission to the Red Planet.

They can’t sample every rock that might reveal something about Mars, indicating whether life could have existed on the planet billions of years ago.

The decision to choose something in the present, like the rock in front of the rover on Mars, the current singer who is living out his or her dream on “The Voice,” or the morsel of food in a buffet that stretches throughout a museum, can limit the ones those same people have in the future.

Hopefully, along the way, we learn from the decisions we’ve made, the ones that work out and the ones that don’t, that enable us to improve our ability to make informed choices.

And, even if whatever we chose may not be exactly what we thought it was, we, like the judges on “The Voice,” might be able to mold the raw materials of our lives into something even better than we’d initially imagined.

by -
0 149
Dr. Sharon Nachman, chief of Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases at the Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University. Photo from Stony Brook Medicine

Dr. Sunil Dhuper’s actions speak as loudly as his words.

The chief medical officer at Port Jefferson’s St. Charles Hospital is planning to get a booster for the COVID-19 vaccine this Thursday, after the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention authorized Friday, Sept. 24, the additional shot for a range of adults, including those in jobs that put them at an increased risk of exposure and transmission, such as frontline health care workers.

Earlier, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration announced Sept. 22 that “a single booster dose” was allowed “for certain populations” under the emergency use authorization, although the EUA “applies only to the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.” 

Dhuper received his first vaccination in January and would like to raise his immunity.

“I am very eager to get the booster dose,” he said in an interview. “I reviewed scientific data from all over the world — from the United States, Israel, the United Kingdom — and I had reflected that, after six months after the second dose, it’s time to get a third dose.”

While St. Charles and other hospitals haven’t required a booster, Dhuper believes that state and national guidance will likely recommend it before too long.

“Over time, I do anticipate people may begin to get severe infections or get hospitalized” if they haven’t enhanced their immunity with a booster, he said. “It would be prudent to get the booster dose in the arms of those who are fully vaccinated.”

Stony Brook University Hospital is providing boosters to employees and to eligible members of the public.

Meanwhile, Northwell Health and Huntington Hospital are deliberating how to proceed and will announce a decision soon, according to Dr. Adrian Popp, chair of infection control at Huntington Hospital.

While boosters are available for education staff, agriculture and food workers, manufacturing workers, corrections workers, U.S. Postal Service employees, grocery store workers, public transit employees and a host of others, the overall infection rate in Suffolk County has stabilized over the past few weeks.

Decline in infections

As of Sept. 25, the seven-day average rate of positive tests in the county fell below 4% for the first time since Aug. 15, dropping to 3.9%, according to data from the New York State Department of Health.

“We think the numbers might have plateaued,” Dhuper said. That decline coincides with the increasing number of people who are vaccinated. In Suffolk as at Sept. 29, 1,043,478 people (70.7%) have received at least one dose and 950,058 (64.3%) are fully vaccinated, according to Covid Act Now. Anybody who is at least 12 years old is eligible to be vaccinated.

The number of COVID Patients from Huntington Hospital has fallen in the last month, dropping to 20 from about 30, according to Popp. Five patients are in the intensive care unit at the hospital with COVID.

Dr. Sharon Nachman, chief of pediatric infectious diseases at Stony Brook Children’s Hospital, described the downward trend in the seven-day average as “great news,” but added that such an infection rate is “not close to where we need to be to say we have turned a corner.”

The current infected population includes children, as “more kids are getting infected,” she said, with children currently representing 25.7 percent of all new COVID cases nationwide.

With the FDA and CDC considering approving the emergency use authorization that provides one-third of the dosage of the adult shot for children ages 5 to 11, Nachman urged residents to vaccinate their children whenever the shot is available to them.

“There is no advantage to picking the right age or dose for a child,” she explained in an email. “If they are 12 now, get that dose. If they are 11 and 8 months [and the CDC approves the vaccine for younger children], don’t wait until they are 12 to get a different dose. Get the dose now that is available for that age.”

When younger children are eligible for the lower amount of the vaccine, Dhuper also urged them to get that lower dose, which he feels “offers a good level of protection for the foreseeable future.”

Nachman said she sees the issue of weight or age bands regularly in pediatrics.

“The take-home message is to not play any games and treat the child at the age or weight that they are now and not wait for them to be older or heavier,” she suggested.

As for the next month, Dhuper cautioned that the county may show another peak, particularly with the increase of indoor activities where the spread of the more transmissible Delta variant is more likely. At this point, concerns about the Mu variant, which originated in South America and was much more prevalent in the United States and in Suffolk County in June, has decreased.

“We were seeing 5% of the cases in New York state were Mu variants and the remaining were Delta,” Dhuper said.

Popp estimated that the Mu variant constitutes between 0.1% and 0.3% of cases.

The World Health Organization has urged wealthier nations like the United States not to administer boosters to their populations widely before the rest of the world has an opportunity to vaccinate their residents.

Dhuper said the United States has contributed 500 million doses to the rest of the world this year and plans to donate about 1.1 billion doses to the rest of the world in 2022.

“I hope that other upper and middle income nations can do the same, so we can get [the shots] in the arms of those who need them,” he said.

Popp urged people to recognize that COVID is a global disease.

“We in the U.S. will not be safe until the epidemic is cleared in other parts of the world as well,” he explained in an email. “I believe it is in our national interest to help other countries fight the COVID epidemic.”

 

Popp said the United States has plenty of vaccine, with enough for boosters and to vaccinate those who haven’t gotten a shot.

by -
0 223
Semir Beyaz (center) with research assistant Onur Eskiocak, left, and graduate student Ilgin Ergin. Photo by Gina Motisi/CSHL

By Daniel Dunaief

High fat diets present numerous health problems for humans and mice, which are often used as a model organism to understand disease.

In a recent multi-disciplinary study with mice, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Fellow Semir Beyaz and 32 colleagues from 15 other institutions explored how a high fat diet affects the development of intestinal tumors.

Semir Beyaz. Photo by Gina Motisi/CSHL

The diverse team of scientists brought together a range of expertise to discover the way a high fat diet disrupts the cross talk among the microbiome, stem cells and immune cells, triggering tumors through the reduction in the expression of an important gene, called major histocompatibility complex II, or MSC-II.

“This work nicely integrates efforts in stem cell biology, immunology, microbiology and metabolism in the context of understanding how diet is linked to cancer,” Beyaz explained in an email. With such interdisciplinary studies, “we hope to improve our understanding” of the mechanisms that link nutrition to diseases.

The paper, published in Cell Stem Cell, for which Beyaz is the first and corresponding author, shows how a high fat diet leads to immune evasion of tumor initiation stem cells due to the suppression of the immune recognition molecule MHC-II.

At the center of this study, the MHC-II gene encodes a protein that presents antigens, or foreign substances, to the immune system. When a cell is infected or cancerous, immune cells detect the unwelcome agents through their surveillance of MHC molecules, Beyaz said.

A high fat diet also results in the alteration of immune cells in the micro environment and the signals that they produce, called cytokines.

“The novel finding of our study is that the crosstalk between stem cells, microbes and immune cells is critical for eliminating tumor initiating cells and this cross talk is dampened in response to a high fat diet, demonstrating a mechanistic basis for how high fat diets may promote cancer,” said Beyaz.

A current hypothesis, which has some supporting evidence in Beyaz’s study, suggests that diet-related factors might facilitate early onset colorectal cancer.

To be sure, researchers need to conduct more work to understand the environmental factors that facilitate early onset colorectal cancer, Beyaz explained. “The knowledge of what causes early onset colorectal cancer in young adults is very limited,” he added.

Semir Beyaz with visiting clinical researcher Aaron Nizam (left) and research tech Katherine Papciak. Photo by Gina Motisi/CSHL

Beyaz believes diet is one of the most important environmental factors that contribute to cancer risk. Diet could affect sleep, stress and other factors.

“There are so many things we don’t know about how diet affects our body,” he said. “That’s why I’m very excited to work on understanding these mechanisms.”

Beyaz said the mice in his study consumed a lard-based pro-obesity diet that was high in carbohydrates.

A diet that is lower in carbohydrates and higher in fat is more similar to a ketogenic diet, which could have other outcomes. His ongoing studies are trying to tease apart some of these differences.

To counteract the effect of diet on the development of cancer, Beyaz plans to activate the altered pathways by using either microbes or small molecule drugs.

“We believe if we promote immune surveillance by activating these pathways, we can elicit preventative and therapeutic strategies against cancer,” he explained.

Additionally, in his ongoing research, Beyaz plans to address numerous other questions that link diet to disease.

An increasing number of studies are exploring how diet and microbes affect cancer, which he described as a “hot topic.”

Beyaz believes a high fat diet might turn on or off some genetic sequences, enabling the latent development of cancer.

His unique niche involves searching for a connection between diet and perturbations that affect cross talk among cells. While this field has numerous challenges, Beyaz suggested he was “drawn” to that difficulty.

Beyaz’s expertise is in stem cell biology and immunology. He appreciates and enjoys the opportunity to interact with researchers from other disciplines that could lead to actionable progress.

Hannah Meyer. Photo from CSHL

While science has to be reductionistic and focused on one molecule or cells at times, new conceptual and technical advances have made it possible for the lines between disciplines in biology to disappear slowly, he explained.

Beyaz and his colleagues are looking forward to taking some of the next steps in this effort.

For starters, he is excited to expand this study, to understand whether there is a threshold for a high fat diet that favors the growth of tumors. Diets that fall below a potential threshold might not promote the growth or development of tumors.

Such a threshold could become clinically relevant, providing health care workers with a pre-cancerous marker that could signal the need for lifestyle changes and medical vigilance that could stave off or avoid the formation of disease-bearing and life-threatening tumors.

“We have some ongoing work to delineate such thresholds and proxies,” Beyaz said. Additionally, they would like to see whether this effect is reversible, to determine whether an altered microbiome might promote the expression of MHC-II, which could derail the tumor forming process.

Pawan Kumar. Photo from SBU

Beyaz’s collaborators on this work include Hannah Meyer, who is a fellow at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Fellow, and Pawan Kumar, who is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University.

In his life outside the lab, Beyaz, who enjoys fishing, gardening, and hiking, avoids excessive sugar and fat consumption. He doesn’t eat fast food or consume sugary drinks.

Originally from the town of Samandag which is near the Mediterranean Sea in the southeastern part of Turkey, Beyaz enjoys cooking and is fond of making lamb, beef, chicken and eggplant kebabs.

When he was growing up, Beyaz said science was a passion for him.

“It is not a job or a career,” he explained. “It is the way I find meaning in life, by learning how to ask and (sometimes) answer questions at the edge of cumulative human knowledge.”

by -
0 53
Pixabay photo

By Daniel Dunaief

Daniel Dunaief

In a fractured and uncertain world, the skill sets that make us marketable to potential friends, employers and neighbors have shifted.

Sure, competence, professionalism and experience can and do come in handy in the context of numerous environments. These days, though, getting along with others and navigating through the cacophony of frustration beamed into our living rooms and phones on an hourly basis seems to have elevated what otherwise might seem like trivial skill sets in another time.

I have come up with a list of skills or, perhaps more appropriately, qualities that might be helpful in the modern world.

I don’t overuse the word “literally.” To emphasize a point, people often literally throw the word “literally” into phrases, as in “I literally hate tofu.” I’m not sure you can figuratively hate tofu, but I don’t overuse that word.

I keep a straight face: even when confronted with outrageous claims in which others hold fast to ideas, to heroes or to patterns I find questionable or even objectionable, I don’t wince, roll my eyes or shout them down until I’m in the safe space of my home with my wife.

I know how to write a handwritten note. Electronic communication has become so ubiquitous that sharing a personal touch that comes from writing something by hand has scarcity value.

I have trained my dog to do exactly what he wants. Sure, other people have trained their dogs to sit, roll over, fetch the newspaper and come to them when they call, but my dog does exactly what he wants. That means when he wags at me, he’s genuinely excited to see me and he’s not just wagging because he’s expecting some immediate reward or punishment.

I can find almost anything in a supermarket. Having spent an embarrassing amount of time searching the supermarket for foods that satisfy four diets and that take the place of in-person dining and social interactions, I can find most items sooner than supermarket employees.  

Through a hard-target search of every bed sheet, blanket and pillowcase, I can find the remote control. While that may seem trivial, it shows a willingness to go the extra mile to avoid having to take a few extra steps to change the channel.

I speak teenager. Yes, they are wonderful people who not only have a shorthand way of speaking, but also have a tendency to multitask while they are talking, looking at their phones or speaking through a mouthful of food. I can interpret much of what they say even when they appear to be offering disconnected sounds in a guttural and frustrated language.

I can finish an entire chapter in a non James Patterson book without checking email or texts. That means I can concentrate for longer periods of time. Patterson is excluded because the chapters in his violent novels are often shorter than this column.

I can make myself laugh. Every week, I enter the New Yorker cartoon contest. The captions I write never win, but they make me laugh.

I have a wealth of untapped ideas. I look at all the masks around me and think, “Hmm, I could come up with so many new mask products.” For example, how about mood masks, which change color depending on the person’s mood? Or, perhaps, masks with the outline of states, presidents of the United States, or images of abolitionists, important women in history or slogans? Masks could become the equivalent of educational posters hung on the walls of classrooms or, if you prefer, facial bumper stickers, giving someone starting at our covered mouths a chance to read or see something new.

by -
0 766
Ellen Pikitch. Photo from Stony Brook University

By Daniel Dunaief

Preserving the oceans of the world will take more than putting labels on sensitive areas or agreeing on an overall figure for how much area needs protection.

It will require consistent definitions, guidelines and enforcement across regions and a willingness to commit to common goals.

A group of 42 scientists including Ellen Pikitch, Endowed Professor of Ocean Conservation Sciences at the School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences at Stony Brook University, recently published a new framework developed over more than 10 years in the journal Science to understand, plan, establish, evaluate and monitor ocean protection in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).

“We’ve had MPAs for a long time,” said Pikitch. Some of them are not actively managed, with activities that aren’t allowed, such as fishing or mining, going on in them. “They may not be strongly set up in the first place to protect biodiversity. What this paper does is that it introduces a terminology with a lot of detail on when an MPA qualifies to be at a certain level of establishment and protection.”

These scientists, who work at 38 institutions around the world, created an approach that uses seven factors to derive four designations: fully protected, highly protected, lightly protected, and minimally protected.

If a site includes any mining at all, it is no longer considered a marine protected area.

Fully protected regions have minimal levels of anchoring, infrastructure, aquaculture and non-extractive activities. A minimally protected area, on the other hand, has high levels of anchoring, infrastructure, aquaculture and fishing, with moderate levels of non-extractive activities and dredging and dumping.

Using their own research and evidence from scientific literature, the researchers involved in this broad-based analysis wanted to ensure that MPAs “have quality protection,” Pikitch explained. “The quality is as important, if not moreso, than the quantity.”

The researchers are pleased with the timing of the release of this paper, which comes out just over a month before the United Nations’ Convention on Biological Diversity, which will meet virtually in October. Over 50 countries, including the United States, have already agreed to protect 30 percent of the ocean by 2030.

Pikitch called this a “critical time to get this information in front of decision makers.” The meeting will occur in two parts, with the second one set for an in-person gathering in China in April.

The point of the paper is to “help clarify what is an MPA, how do we distinguish different types and their outcomes,” Pikitch added.

The people who attend the CBD meeting range from high level government officials all the way up to the president of small countries.

About a decade ago, an earlier convention targeted protecting 10 percent of the oceans by 2020. The world fell short of that goal, with the current protection reaching about 7.7 percent, according to Pikitch.

Indeed, amid discussions during the development of this new outcome-based approach to MPAs, some researchers wondered about the logic of creating a target of 30 percent within the next nine years even as the world fell short of the earlier goal.

Some people at the meetings wondered “should we be pushing these things when a lot of them are failing?” Pikitch recalled of a lively debate during a meeting in Borneo. “Part of the answer is in this paper. These [earlier efforts] are failing because they are not doing the things that need to be done to be effective. It definitely helped us inform what we should be thinking about.”

Enabling conditions for marine protected areas go well beyond setting up an area that prevents fishing. The MPA guidelines in the paper have four components, including stages of establishment, levels of protection, enabling conditions and outcomes.

The benefits of ensuring the quality of protecting marine life extends beyond sustaining biodiversity or making sure an area has larger or more plentiful marine life.

“More often than not, it’s the case that MPAs do double duty” by protecting an environment and providing a sustainable resource for people around the area, Pikitch said. Locally, she points to an effort in Shinnecock Bay that provided the same benefits of these ocean protection regions. 

In the western part of the bay, Pikitch said the program planted over 3.5 million hard clams into two areas. In the last decade, those regions have had an increase in the hard clam population of over 1,000 percent, which has provided numerous other benefits.

“It demonstrates the positive impact of having a no-take area,” Pikitch said.

At the same time, the bay hasn’t had any brown tides for four straight years. These brown tides and algal blooms can otherwise pose a danger to human health.

By filtering the water, the clams also make it easier for eel grass to grow, which was struggling to survive in cloudier waters that reduce their access to light. With four times as much eel grass as a decade ago, younger fish have a place to hide, grow and eat, increasing their abundance.

Being aware of the imperiled oceans and the threats humans and others face from a changing planet has sometimes been a struggle for Pikitch.

The marine researcher recalled a time when four hurricanes were churning at the same time in the Atlantic.

“I went to bed and I have to admit, I was really depressed,” Pikitch said.

When she woke up the next morning, she had to teach a class. She regrouped and decided on a strategic message.

“This is reality,” she told her class. “We have to accept this is the world we made. Everything we do that can make a positive difference, we do.”

Pikitch is encouraged by the work done to develop a new MPA framework.

These protected areas “provide a sustainable pathway to ensure a healthy ocean and to provide a home for future biodiversity,” she said.

by -
0 58
METRO photo

By Daniel Dunaief

Daniel Dunaief

Joe, the gentleman at the supermarket register, asked me the routine questions.

“Did you find everything okay?”

“Do you have a rewards number?”

I nodded and typed in my cell phone number.

At the end of the order, I carefully watched the total, waiting for the moment he asked me whether I wanted to donate a dollar or round up my total.

Instead, it looked like the cost declined, even after applying all the discounts. In order to be sure, I had to remove my glasses, which allow me to see at a distance, but not to read.

Yes, the total decreased by 5%. Just as I was about to thank him, I went slack jawed behind my mask. Staring closely at the total in the register, I realized he had given me the senior discount.

I pondered what to do. I could tell him I’m not a senior. Then again, maybe anyone over 35 was a senior. Okay, fine, 40. Alright, 50. 

Anyway, I thanked him for ringing me up, told him to stay safe and headed to the car, where I promptly checked the age for a senior discount at my supermarket. Yup, just as I suspected. He gave me the discount well before I was eligible.

As I loaded the groceries in the car, I wondered whether this was a freakout mid-life crisis moment. Maybe this was the universe’s way, through Joe, of reminding me that I’m not a kid anymore.

Then again, I thought, steadying myself behind the wheel, maybe Joe had just typed that senior discount button by mistake. Maybe he felt generous or, perhaps, he was giving everyone a senior discount, just to stick it to his bosses. 

I have an image of myself that doesn’t align with what other people see, or even what I notice in the mirror. Somewhere along the lines, my brain imagined that the younger, fresher, more energetic version of me continued to type on my computer, yell at the TV when the Yankees lost, and maneuver through my life.

My body, and the unwelcome hair that seems to wave from my ears, has offered reminders about the passage of time. Recently, my son, who is still waiting for his freshman year to start in earnest after New Orleans recovers from Hurricane Ida, asked me if I wanted to have a catch.

Excited for some father-son bonding that doesn’t involve electronics, I readily agreed. Besides, it’s been a few years since he asked. I am no longer his coach and he has numerous athletic friends and former teammates who can launch balls across a field.

The first few throws felt comfortable, as my fingers reached for the familiar seams and tossed the ball back at his chest.

“Okay, move back,” he instructed.

A few throws later, he asked me to move back again.

“Wait, what?” my arm begged, to a brain that tried to hit the mute button on muscles, tendons, bones and rotator cuffs begging me to stop engaging in such unaccustomed activity.

Pretty soon, he was throwing lasers from the next county and I was trying to figure out if I could strap the ball to a nearby bird to return it to him.

Instead, I ran 20 steps, rotated my hips and snapped my shoulders in an effort to minimize the strain on my arm.

“Good idea,” he yelled. “You should soft toss it back to me.”

Soft toss? That was one of my hardest throws!

Two days later, we repeated the same routine. The second time, my arm instantly hurt. I might imagine that I’m 25 or even 35, just as I might imagine I can fly.

I can enjoy some consolation: the senior discount saved me enough money to buy an ice pack for my throbbing shoulder.

by -
0 1138
Chemist John Moses on the campus of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Photo from CSHL

By Daniel Dunaief

If you build it, he will come.

That’s an iconic line from the movie “Field of Dreams,” starring Kevin Costner, in which a mythical voice calls to the Iowa farmer, encouraging him to plow through his corn to build a baseball field so the ghosts of past baseball players can entertain a modern audience.

It seems only fitting that this year, in which Major League Baseball hosted its first professional game in Iowa near the set of the popular movie, chemists have built something they hope brings together numerous other chemicals to produce products with various applications, from drug discovery to materials science.

About 120 years ago, researchers in France discovered a highly reactive gas called thionyl tetrafluoride, whose chemical symbol is SOF4.

The gas has numerous potential applications because researchers can control its reactions and derivatives. Scientists can swap each sulfur-fluorine bond with a bond between sulfur and something with desirable properties or applications.

While the gas serves as a potential building block, it is scarce and is not commercially available.

Thionyl tetrafluoride is “very reactive,” said chemist and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Professor John Moses. “It’s not something the Average Joe wants. It’s dangerous chemistry.” It was largely overlooked until the 1960’s, when chemists at DuPont reinvestigated it.

Once Suhua Li, the lead author of a recent paper in Nature Chemistry and a former post doctoral researcher in Nobel-prize winner K. Barry Sharpless’s lab at Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California, generated more of this gas, the team could work together to determine the types of connections that might be possible. 

While the research was a group effort in terms of planning and ideas, Li, who did the vast majority of the synthesis of the gas, is “the hero,” Moses said. “The gas itself, and reagents used to make the gas, are potentially very dangerous, and it takes courage and confidence to attempt such chemistry. ([Li] even had a bit of a mishap, to say the least, but still went ahead and tried again.”

Moses also appreciates how “ideas are just ideas until somebody takes the initiative to put them into practice.”

Moses, Sharpless, and Scripps Research Institute Associate Professor Peng Wu developed the polymer chemistry, while Hans Zuilhof of Wageningen University in the Netherlands helped elucidate the helical structure of the polymers.

The team used a technique Sharpless calls “click chemistry” to explore the substances they could create with this gas.

Thionyl tetrafluoride acts like a lego building block that can be connected with other building blocks in several dimensions.

Click reactions create defined products with absolute reliability, Moses explained. Scientists get what they expect, which is not always true in chemistry.

“In some reactions, you take A and B and you don’t always get C,” Moses said. “You get C as a major product, but you also get D, E and F.”

In click chemistry, however, the combination of A and B is guaranteed to produce C.

Some click reactions run better in water, or at least when water is present. Water is non-toxic, inflammable, inexpensive and a good heat sink.

Click philosophy is about using reliable reactions for the purpose of function discovery.

With thionyl tetrafluoride, Li and the other researchers made about 30 polymers, each of which had original structures using different fragments.

The group managed to attach antibiotics to a thionyl tetrafluoride-derived polymer and demonstrated that it retains antibacterial function.

As long as the module has a handle to exchange with the sulfur-fluorine bond, the gas has a broad range of potential applications.

With thionyl tetrafluoride as his inspiration, Moses coined the term multidimensional click chemistry, which identifies the gas a multi dimensional hub.

The chemists used a regular party balloon to transfer the gas, which is connected to a syringe and a needle. They inserted the needle through a rubber septum into a sealed flask. The reaction with reagents in the flask is straightforward to perform once the gas is available, Moses said.

Born and raised in Wrexham, North Wales, a town aglow after actors Ryan Reynolds and Rob McElhenney last year bought a 156-year-old local soccer team, Moses had no interest in science when he was young, although he was curious about life in general.

He left school to work in a factory that made life rafts and buoyancy jackets when he was 16.

The factory had a distinct odor of toluene and glue.

“It was dreadful,” he recalls. “I was lucky to escape that life.”

He eventually landed an apprenticeship at a company called App-Chem, that allowed him to study physics and chemistry in college one day per week. 

by -
0 60
Pixabay photo

By Daniel Dunaief

Daniel Dunaief

The pain in my abdomen climbed from a relatively mild one, which pediatrician’s offices usually represent with a slightly puzzled but still pleasant stick figure face, all the way to a 10, with a crying stick figure in extreme duress, in under five minutes.

Doubled over, I shuffled to my wife’s working station in our house and sat, uncomfortably, in a chair next to her.

She started to talk and then looked carefully at my face.

“What’s wrong?” she asked as I twisted in my seat.

“I have serious pain in my abdomen and back,” I said.

We knew what that likely meant. We’d been through this before, although last time was much more terrifying because we had no idea what was going on. Also, six years ago, the mysterious symptoms, including searing back pain, uncontrollable nausea and vomiting and extreme discomfort, appeared and disappeared. I might have had some reaction to bad food, we thought, or I might have inadvertently consumed my food kryptonite, dairy.

“It’s probably kidney stones,” my wife said, as she stood on my back to try to relieve some of the developing pain.

I twisted on the floor, hoping I wouldn’t have to go to an emergency room that was likely overwhelmed with the latest Delta variant wave of COVID-19.

I did the I’m-okay-and-can-tough-it-out-at-home-but-wait-maybe-I’m-not dance for about 10 minutes before I gave in and shuffled towards the car.

As soon as I got in the garage, I made a quick u-turn and headed to the closest bathroom, where I knelt next to the toilet and vomited.

“It’s another kidney stone,” I sighed in between heaves.

With a bucket in the backseat on the way to the hospital, I contorted my body into different positions, hoping to find one that would offer some relief. The last kidney stone episode taught me that wasn’t likely, as I did everything but stand on my head in the basement all those years ago to ease the unrelenting pain.

Fortunately, the emergency room only had two people waiting on a Friday morning. My wife spoke through a plexiglass shield with the receptionist, sharing my details while I disappeared beneath the counter into a crouched position.

The receptionist directed my wife outside until I had a room. I waited on the floor, with the same bucket at my side, for a nurse to call me.

During the 20 minute wait, the pain eased up just enough to allow me to breathe more normally and to sit on the floor. A chair was still not an option. The two other people in the waiting room were too engrossed in their phones to notice me.

Once I was in an examining room, I called my wife, whose sympathetic eyes and encouraging words eased some of my discomfort. She answered questions from the nurse as I stood on the floor and leaned the top of my body over the hospital bed as if I were praying.

The nurse promised to return with morphine. In the few minutes he was gone, I felt closer to a four on the pain scale.

I considered not taking the narcotic. The roller coaster ride along the pain pathway makes managing kidney stones, and so many other types of discomfort, difficult. Each moment of comfort is like a sliver of sunlight between heavy rain clouds.

The doctor confirmed our kidney stone diagnosis. He thought I’d pass the stone that night or the next day. I didn’t have any such luck, as I fought through symptoms for 10 days.

Finally, the obstruction exited. I was so elated that I jumped up and down in the garage with my baffled son, who was returning from an errand.

As others who have had kidney stones can attest, the experience is extraordinarily uncomfortable and painful. I feel fortunate for all the support from my wife, children, brothers, mother and friends. I can only imagine what people hundreds of years ago must have thought when these stones made their painful journey.

by -
0 61
Stock photo

Tropical Storm Ida’s heavy rains may create a breeding ground for the mosquitoes that carry West Nile Virus, health officials warn.

“Following the recent heavy rainfall, we are concerned that standing water and summer temperatures will allow mosquitoes to proliferate,” Gregson Pigott, Suffolk County health commissioner, said in a statement. “While there is no cause for alarm, we ask residents to cooperate with us in our efforts to reduce exposure to West Nile virus and other mosquito-borne diseases.”

As of last week, 92 mosquito samples and four birds had tested positive for West Nile virus. From Aug. 25 to Aug. 26, 21 samples tested positive for the virus.

At least one mosquito from samples collected in Cold Spring Harbor, Huntington Station, Northport, Stony Brook, Port Jefferson Station and Rocky Point tested positive for the virus, according to the Suffolk County Health Department.

Most people infected with West Nile Virus, which was first detected in Suffolk County in 1999, have mild or no symptoms. Some, however, can develop high fever, headaches, neck stiffness, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, vision loss, numbness and paralysis, according to the health department.

Over the last 20 years, the number of mosquito samples testing positive for West Nile ranged from a low of eight in 2004 to a high of 295 in 2010, a year that also saw 25 human cases with three deaths.

Pigott urges residents to wear shoes and socks, long pants and long-sleeved shirts when mosquitoes are active. He also suggested using mosquito repellent, while reading and following directions carefully.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends repellents containing DEET, oil of lemon eucalyptus, picaridin and IR3535, which can be used on skin and clothing. For children, lower concentrations of DEET are preferable, according to the CDC.

Insect repellents with permethrin should only be used on clothing and not directly on the skin.

Effective screens on windows and doors can keep mosquitoes out of homes and living areas.

Emptying containers that hold water, such as vases, pet water bowls, flowerpot saucers, birdbaths, trash cans and rain barrels can reduce available water sources for mosquitoes to lay their eggs. Scrubbing containers like pet water bowls can remove insect eggs that might otherwise survive.

Adrian Popp, chair of Infection Control at Huntington Hospital, explained that most disease doctors are on the lookout for West Nile infections. He tests everybody with an unexplained fever or other symptoms.

In a typical year, Huntington Hospital sees a few cases of West Nile. So far, Popp said, the hospital hasn’t reported any such illnesses.

“It is hard to say if it will be more prevalent this year since we had only a few cases in New York State so far and it is already the end” of the summer season, Popp wrote in an email.

While Popp said anyone is vulnerable to West Nile Virus if he or she is bitten by a mosquito, most cases are asymptomatic. Fewer than one percent of those who contract West Nile Virus develop more severe symptoms.

For those people who have more severe symptoms, doctors don’t have many tools at their disposal.

“There is no etiologic therapy,” Popp explained in an email. “Therapy is supportive, symptomatic care.”

The county urged residents concerned about West Nile Virus to download a copy of an informational brochure called “Get the Buzz on Mosquito Protection” on www.suffolkcountyny.gov.

Prev1...394041...147Next Page 40 of 147
TBR News Media is your local news and entertainment website.
We provide you with the latest breaking news and information for your community.
Contact us: [email protected]

Most Viewed

©